Oil and Economic Change in Texas

Oil and Economic Change in Texas Oil and Economic Change, 1890 – 1945 History 226 Fall 2012 #14 I. Connections a. Memory i. Texans were more innovative and wanting to lead the march into the west. ii. Memory changes from southern memory to Alamo Texas revolution. 1. 1890-1945 attitude changed as Texas Economy grew b. Politics iii. Often been the case that politics either helps or hurts economic iv. Doesn’t have a federal government to actively enforce the 13th, 14th amendments. v. One of the reasons for astounding growth of Houston – federal investment.More willing to go to federal government or state government. vi. Government helps to make a more rational government c. The Beyond vii. Texas influenced by lower south as it moves toward succession. 2. Drug in by succession viii. Economic 3. Markets in Europe cotton 4. Inventions of machines empowered by Petroleum 5. Had there been no market, there would be no oil boom. a. Connections with all of these points. b. All part of the same puzzle 6. Connections between economic things and other prominent features. d. Slight decline in island communities ix.Going to the store, using the railroads through transportation x. Economic change had an effect on social change. 7. Parts of history, parts of transformation process II. Extension of the Market e. Transportation and communication xi. Revolution in the 1840’s 8. Extensive railroad construction and Texas has telegraph, radio and telephone. f. Money and banking xii. Technology of railroads and communications xiii. Texas after the civil war was land rich but cash poor. xiv. Flow of capital was investments. 9. Became easier, had the creation of a better money and banking system g.Consumer demand and supply xv. Someone has to work the system of supply and demand for petroleum. xvi. Production of cotton – much demands h. Texas was a place that had a relatively sophisticated banking system. xvii. Reinvest earnings into local banking econo my. i. Economic Colonialism? xviii. People who control the money and control momentum have an ordinant control over prices of transportation and colonialism. 10. Large corporations milked Texas 11. Texas was able to react to economic colonialism c. Texans in banking out of state banks could not do business in the state of Texas. i.Only Texas banks so money made in banking remained in Texas 12. xix. Making oil and leaving cake on stock car. 13. Put oil onto stock market. 14. Market becomes more sophisticated as money and banking increase xx. Same is true of consumer demand and supply 15. Cash only scores xxi. Modern consumer site – specialize in one or two things and buy what you need j. Greater stratigation – maybe we can make it up in land owner level. xxii. Poor got poor and the rich got richer xxiii. More people able to listen to radio and predict where cotton prices could go and what they could do.III. Role of the government and emerging Culture k. Financing of Tra nsportation and communication xxiv. Reason that Texas had a higher educational rating. xxv. Still have examples of public or private xxvi. Investment in infrastructure was important xxvii. Railroads paid for by public. 16. Periodically engaged in railroad expansion 17. On some level even though some didn’t make money. Texas as a whole made money. 18. Expands beyond simply growing cotton. – uses train. 19. Concentration in Fort Worth. d. Huge and efficient stock yards. e. Conducive for a big business like the shipyards became l.Regulation – East Texas Field xxviii. Dependable price for the freight that was brought in 20. Periodically engaged in railroad expansion 21. Over time railroad expansion expanded its duties 22. Huge pool that suddenly entered a market where the world had already entered the great depression 23. Sent east texas rangers into the rangers field to shut off price of petroleum. 24. Texas Railroad Commission f. Government was effective for the s uccess of the field of the Texas Economy m. Education xxix. Still have examples of public or private xx. Investment in infrastructure was important xxxi. Through 1945 there is a steady expansion by private schools, donors and universities. 25. Anti-colonialism – xxxii. Texas Anti-monopoly law – there was a great fear of standard oil. Fear of monopolized xxxiii. State attorney general aggressively applied n. Anti-colonialism xxxiv. Tired levels of education that we had never had before 26. High rate of return on investment xxxv. Opportunity for investment and income IV. Oil and the Multiplier Effect o. Corsicana and Spindletop xxxvi. 850’s-60’s, 70’s there wasn’t a lot of use for it. 27. Wasn’t until 1895 there was a significant field of oil. xxxvii. At first they didn’t know what to do with it but soon word got out and it began to be sold as fuel oil. 28. Instead of wasting a third of it in an oil field. 29. We’ll drill every salt owned in p. Connections, markets and government xxxviii. West Texas to East Texas xxxix. Ira and Anne Yates 30. Government provides ways for oil drillers. 31. Texas by 1945 was the number one producer of petroleum in the world. q. Expansion 1920 to 1945 xl.By 1945 Texas was number one producer in the world. 32. Geology and demands of drilling in Texas were particular in Texas 33. Houston in particular became sinners of not just petroleum companies. g. Expansion of petroleum possible. ii. Drilling, bowls, pike, storage facilities r. Industrialization and urbanization xli. Multiplier of more high tech, high skilled jobs. xlii. Goes into things like building big buildings and banks 34. Multiplier effect encourages industrialization and urbanization h. Hold autumn in your hand iii.Heor has an option of being a sharecropper 1. Spin off or multiplier effect. iv. Industrial effect. 2. The world is quite different in terms of opportunity V. The Rise and Fall of King Cotton s. Bla ckland Praries xliii. Cotton expands – more and more produce cotton. 35. Cotton was more sophisticated t. Connections, markets and government xliv. People who had the money owned it and made the money u. Cotton firms like Anderson Clayton xlv. By 1960 it was the worlds biggest cotton company 36. Perfected how to buy cotton as cheaply as possible i.How to sell cotton as cheaply as possible v. Doesn’t matter whether it is a nickel a pound or a dollar a pound. 37. Smart and understood the market v. Mechanization xlvi. Disrupted by the Great Depression 38. Price of Cotton is so low that the federal government acts to slow production. 39. Land owners take money, invest in machinery, education, better strains of cotton. j. Bulk of population, cotton no longer grown. k. Peak anchorage of the late 1920’s w. Cotton holiday of 1930 xlvii. Only 2% of the population xlviii. Economic change of a transformed society 40. After 1945 x. New Deal

Swimming allows the body to burn calories

Swimming is one of the best exercises to get a person into shape.   From a scientific perspective, swimming has been found to be the ideal physical fitness activity.It targets many of the body’s muscles and helps strengthen and develop one’s body.   In fact, most researchers agree that swimming is the only activity that works on the entire body by improving a person’s cardiovascular conditioning, increasing a person’s muscle strength, improving one’s endurance, fixing one’s posture and making one more flexible all at the same time.These benefits that one can gain from swimming are unmatched by any sport as only swimming offers all of these benefits.   This short report shall discuss a few of the more specific reasons why swimming is the ideal physical fitness activity.The first reason, as already mentioned, is that swimming gives one a complete body workout.   It benefits the cardiovascular system without straining one’s heart and improves a person’s use of oxygen.   The timed breathing required in swimming conditions the body and allows a person to improve not only his endurance but also a person’s lung capacity.Swimming is also a perfect complement for cross-training workouts.   As a person who swims becomes more fit, the resting heart rate and respiratory rate is reduced thus allowing for more blood to flow into the heart and making the lungs more efficient.   Since swimming gives a complete body workout, it also allows one to burn calories faster than in any other sport.   A runner, on average, burns as many calories on a six mile run in one hour as a swimmer who was been swimming for one hour has burned.   Swimming not only develops one’s body but also helps people lose weight fast and helps keep people in good health.Another reason why swimming is considered as an ideal exercise arises from the fact that when a person swims the impact on the joints and bones is signifi cantly reduced by the buoyancy of the water.   The weight bearing environment of swimming therefore provides little stress to the body’s connective tissue and joints.This means that the body is not only strengthened but also protected from the wear and tear on the bones and joints.   Since a person weighs nearly 1/10th of his or her body weight in water, there is less gravitational stress on the body.   This greatly reduces the incidence of injuries and allows for a relatively rigorous and injury free work out.Swimming allows the body to burn calories at a rate of about three (3) calories a mile per pound of bodyweight.   Therefore, if a person weights approximately 150 (lbs) pounds and it take that person thirty (30) minutes to swim one (1) mile, which is about 1,760 yards or 1,600 meters, then that person will be burning almost 900 calories in one (1) hour.It is important to remember of course that these estimates may vary for different swimmers depending on skill a nd actual degree of physical conditioning.One of the most difficult things that a person encounters when getting into shape is the boredom from the routine.   Swimming is not only great exercise but it is also an entertaining activity.   It is fun for not only individuals but for groups as well and makes it easier for people who want to get in shape keep up their routine without getting bored.From a psychological perspective, swimming allows people to relax and swim with very little effort.   When a swimmer gets into the rhythm of swimming and allows the mind to focus on the stroke, it is similar to a form of meditation that provides the body with an overall feeling of general well being.Studies have shown that people who swim in the mornings or begin their days by swimming are more likely to have more energy for the rest of the day and are less likely to feel stressed or pressured.Swimming does not only give a person the psychological feeling of well being but also helps in o ther aspects such as the development of certain life skills namely sportsmanship, time-management, self-discipline, goal-setting, and an increased sense of self-worth through their participation in the sport.These reasons have led to the establishment of swimming as one of the best exercises to help a person maintain a healthy physique.

Antique Wooden High Chair CareÂÂ

Antique Wooden High Chair Care   There is a certain kind of glow in your living room if it has an antique piece of furniture in it. Not only does it give off a sense of history, it also gives off a sense of wealth. Antique furniture is very expensive, and only those who truly love fine art are able to appreciate it. Thus, if you own an antique piece of furniture in your home, you should take all measures to make sure it is preserved. Do not use coarse items to clean it. This means feather dusters are out of the picture. The broken feathers could nick your antique arm chair and cause unwanted marks. While these marks can make your furniture look more antique than ever, it could open up pockets in the woodwork that can cause decay. Spray products are a definite no-no. Simply wiping it with a soft dry cloth will do the trick. It could take a while to get that shine you want, as opposed to simply spraying it with Pledge, but you’re sure to better preserve your antique arm chair’s quality this way. Also, if your arm chair was not really meant to by shiny, don’t force it, or you’ll just ruin its intrinsic beauty. Clean using only wax made for antique furniture. Antique furniture is expensive, so you should only complement it with top quality products, otherwise, you’ll be defeating the purpose. There are high quality beeswax that may be imported from England. However, if you don’t have enough money to import good wax, just wipe the arm chair with a cotton cloth. There is no such thing as â€Å"winging it† with antiques. It isn’t likely that a replacement part for your antique high chair still exists to this day. If an inlay gets loose, keep it in a safe place until somebody, an expert on fixing antique furniture, comes. Do not attempt to do the reworking yourself if you have no idea how. Handle them extra carefully. Antique furnitures have to be placed in certain temperatures only to preserve their value. If your house is dry during the winter, you should get a humidifier. Conversely, if its too humid in the summer, you should get an air conditioner. Antiques require meticulous care. Thus, if you are not prepared with the tedious job of maintaining them, then you shouldn’t get one. Wooden high chairs are one of the most common pieces of furniture, but finding an antique could be a challenge. Once you have one, care for it deeply like you do your favorite pet. You never know how much it can fetch you once you have it appraised.

Technology survey analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Technology survey analysis - Essay Example They have become an integral part of our lives over the past few years and now it just does not feel right if we do not have access to them. For example, the internet has completely changed the way we live our lives today. It has penetrated into most households and into most individual’s life. With the use of internet it is possible to do things today that people could not have dreamt before. Accessing information, listening to music, reconnecting with high school friends, communicating with people in different parts of the world and managing business electronically has become exceedingly easier with the use of internet. The ease of use of technology has led to the ever increasing usage of technological products amongst the college going students. With the exceeding use of black berries and smart phones, high end gaming platforms, faster and more reliable computers, robots etc a typical college going student is bombarded with technology from all sides. But out of all the technological products a student interacts with the internet can be classified as the one most important technological invention that has completely changed the lives of students. Therefore, I have decided to study the impact of internet on an average college going student. Since my study focuses on college going students I decided to carry out my research at Bentley University. The University is located 10 miles west of Boston and is one of the nations leading business schools which aim to produce business leaders with strong technical skills and high ethical standards. Thus it presented me with an ideal blend of college going students who could be used for the survey. The study was carried out at the Bentley University by asking students to fill a questionnaire. The questions were aimed to identify the impact of internet usage on a college student’s life. The study was limited to finding out the nature of the impact rather

Marketing Management Class Disscussion wk9 Essay

Marketing Management Class Disscussion wk9 - Essay Example Geographic segmentation, demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation, and behavioral segmentation are all forms of market segmentation that enable companies to focus on the desires and needs of potential buyers. In addition, it is easy for a business to identify and understand its competitors and their strategy (Gale and Swire, 2006). LearnFree.edu would be a free e-learning website that seeks to provide free outstanding education to all visitors globally. The value of the website is unknown, as it will take nearly a year for its completion. For that reason, perceived-value pricing is the appropriate pricing strategy for the website/product. The value of the service depends on the price consumers are willing to pay and not on its production costs (Gale and Swire, 2006). Perceived-value pricing is effective in marketing of the website because its price is set in accordance to the perceived value of prospective buyers. Pricing strategy is a necessary constituent of market segmentation. It is a essential for any business because it helps determine market share and profitability of a business. A new business may need to set a lower price than that in the market, to penetrate the market. Even so, it should not be too low to result in losses for the

Desribe bahrain stock market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Desribe bahrain stock market - Essay Example In order to bring better regulation in the capital market, the regulation authority was transferred to Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB) from Ministry of Commerce during 2002 (Bahrain Bourse, â€Å"Introduction†). Capital Markets Supervision Directorate (CMSD) of Central Bank of Bahrain is the apex regulatory body responsible for supervising capital market. The primary objective of CBB in this regard is to ensure the investors’ protection by maintaining the integrity. In order to follow a globally accepted standard for proper accounting and financial reporting practices in Bahrain, it is following the principle set by International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO). The CMSD has been constantly working for developing the investors’ trust on Bahrain Bourse. CMSD undertakes a number of responsibilities like regulating the brokering houses, clearing houses and central depositories and approval of new offerings. It also undertakes the proper judiciary enforc ement, market surveillance and investor education initiatives etc (Central Bank of Bahrain-a, â€Å"Functions & Contact Details†). With matured supervision and stricter regulation, Bahrain Stock Exchange has been emerging rapidly. Currently, 50 equities 35 mutual funds and 19 bonds are listed and traded regularly.

Data Analysis - International Market Research & Forecast Background Assignment

Data Analysis - International Market Research & Forecast Background - Assignment Example Foreigners are made to obtain visa before making their way into the company. At the same time, the visa is made to stay almost 60 days before it cab be realised officially. All businesses are expected to register with investment promotion Authority. All the information concerning taxes and tariffs are provide by the IPA, only upon request. Obtaining information this way was encouraged since the national websites do not provide up to date information. Food items are not literary prohibited therefore they are permit-less. All of Port Moresby’s population estimation is 307, 643. It has a media age of 22, which reflects on cultural lifestyle. This is because younger generation are moving into the city, while the older generations stay at home. Its currency is PGK; it is also notable that public transport is by PMV. Here buses and taxes are the main transformational means that is currently servicing the whole area of Port Moresby. Communication in this town is by phone and social Medias. This is made possible since many are using smart phone technology as well as landline, which is mostly used by the business people. English is the main language; however, other known languages are the Tok Pisin. A widely used and well understood language also the Hiri Motu and Creole languages. In the country, it should be noted that several generations are dwelling less than one roof, despite of the house hold structures being of extended calibre. Here, elders are respected. The main religion is Christianity, and the most popularly one are the SDA. Further, it should be noted that the families are valued and then close knitted. Lastly, many people in this area reside in settlements or villages, sustaining themselves through farming, fishing as well as hunting. Recently, the internet has been upgraded from dial up connections to a speed wireless broadband. The unlimited wireless cost usually amount to almost K100 a month.

Intervention and Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intervention and Evaluation - Essay Example It is imperative that intervention and evaluation measures must be taken to deal with these issues. Research data states that obesity has taken a form of epidemic in United States and there is a remarkable increase in the obese and overweight individuals since 1999- 2006, owing to increase BMI (Body Mass Index). If BMI is >40.0 an individual is said to be extremely obese and this accounts to 6% of the US population, on the other hand if the BMI of individual is >30.0, then he is under the category of obese and accounts for 34% of US population while individuals with BMI in the range of 25.0 – 29.0 are considered to be overweight and accounts for 33% of the US population. This segment of population are liable for chronic diseases related to heart viz. hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cancers and stroke (Recommended Community Strategies and Measurements to Prevent Obesity in the United States; The Community Foundation for Greater Atlanta). Identified Problems: Reasons paving the way for obesity followed by hypertension are formulated they encompass life styles, eating habits and diet, exercise, environmental factors including , lack of space to play and exercise and stress both at personal and professional levels. It is essential that states and communities must intervene to generate an atmosphere that sustain healthy eating and energetic living. Considering this as crucial issue, CDC instigated Common Community Measures for Obesity Prevention Project to formulate obesity prevention strategies and monitor its implementation for prevention of obesity followed by hypertension (Recommended Community Strategies and Measurements to Prevent Obesity in the United States; The Community Foundation for Greater Atlanta). Interventions: In order to create an awareness to combat with issues like obesity and hypertension, communities should come forward to enhance the availability of healthier food and beverages in public service venues including schools, parks,

The business of water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The business of water - Essay Example Investopedia defines it as a corporate proposal to both assess and take blame for effect of company’s activities on social welfare and environment. This term usually applies to the efforts made by a company that steer away further and may be needed by environment protection groups and regulators. The Corporate social responsibility may also be known as â€Å"corporate citizenship† and can take into account sustaining short-term costs that do not give a direct financial gain to company but foster positive environmental and social change (Investopedia, 2013). Most of the companies enjoy immense power in community and national economy. They organize many of their assets and have billions of dollars at their disposal for social investments for the purpose of corporate social responsibility. ... The aims of this assignment are to critically assess various theories pertaining corporate social responsibility based on CSR four part model in accordance with Business of water case; and to critically evaluate the affect of demand and supply of water on corporate social responsibility initiatives such as Partnership agreements as mentioned in the case (Investopedia, 2013). Task 1 In 1979, Carroll classified Corporate Social Responsibility in a paper on performance of corporate culture in which he gave out four theories of corporate social responsibility: legal, ethical, discretionary, and economic. These four layers show that business history gives a premature emphasis on legal and economic aspects first and then on discretionary and ethical aspects of CSR. In 1991, he first presented this model of CSR in the form of a pyramid as the following figure represents. It was proposed that even though all the components are not found to be mutually exclusive, it assists the manager to vis ualize the varying kinds of duties which are in relevance to each other (CSRQuest, 2013). (CSRQuest, 2013) In 2004, Carroll tried to take into consideration the stakeholders’ viewpoint. Economic responsibility holds the idea that one should do what global capitalism asks him to go. Legal responsibilities contain that company’s usually only do what global stakeholders want them to do. Ethical responsibility says that do what global stakeholders expect you to do. The philanthropic responsibility however believes that do what global stakeholders require you to do. This was the overall emphasis by Carroll (CSRQuest, 2013). This four-part model of CSR has been immensely cited and used in literature. Some reasons

Organizational Structure Essay Example for Free

Organizational Structure Essay This research focuses on the job satisfaction level of employees at Emirates Technical Thermal Systems (ETTS), a construction company based in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The data collected was examined in relation to the existing organizational structure within the business, which is primarily a hierarchal one. The study includes information collected from three employee levels at ETTS, which include management, employees, and laborers. The relationship between position in the work organization and job satisfaction for every level of the hierarchal distribution has been studied carefully; both primary and secondary research has been conducted in order to best indicate where the problems lie, and the best ways of improving the current situations. The outcome and findings from this research have indicated a clear imbalance across the current structure of the company. Job satisfaction is high amongst management, and consistently decreases at the lower levels of the employee ladder. Job satisfaction plays an important role in the overall productivity of any given industry. Given the growing concern within ETTS regarding the aspect of performance, quality of work, and workforce issues, little attention has been paid to workers at the lower levels of the organization hierarchy. Introduction: There are many aspects of an organization and job role which come into play when analyzing the contributing factors to job satisfaction. In this research paper, a focus was placed on company structure, and the contribution of hierarchal distribution in an organization to job satisfaction. Research Aims and Objectives: The aim of the research was measuring job satisfaction, in all its aspects, across the various segments within the organizational structure, in order to gain better understanding of where the gaps lie, the factors contributing to dissatisfaction, and the best ways of reconciling the issues. The reason why ETTS was selected is due to perceived issues in the organization in regards to communication and harmony across the various levels within its hierarchy, and perceived job dissatisfaction in lower levels. In conducting the research, job satisfaction at ETTS was examined, and primary research was segmented to include sample groups from every level of the organizational structures hierarchy. Key Variables The research paper will analyze the issue by discussing the dependent variable (Job Satisfaction) in relation to the contributing independent variable (Organizational Structure). Job satisfaction will be measured by discussing contributory aspects, including employee engagement, job involvement, organizational commitment and perceived organizational support. The levels which were examined in relation to the organizational structure are: management, employees and laborers. Company Background: ETTS is a company specialized in electro-mechanical contracting. The company offers a full range of services related to all types of heating, ventilating, air conditioning, refrigeration, electrical and plumbing systems. The company was established in 1995, and has a definitive hierarchal structure. As detailed in the company’s profile and stated hereunder: Management: The board of directors of the company, general manager, operations manager and managers of all departments, branches and projects form the core management group. Employees: Personnel who conduct various tasks in different disciplines and report to the above-mentioned managers. Labor force: Consists of the manpower that carries out physically demanding work at construction sites. Hence, a definitive hierarchal structure is in place. At the top of the pyramid are those holding management positions, followed by employees, and finally laborers. Report Structure This report will primarily delve into the literature review, which will detail the findings from secondary research on the topic of structure in relation to job satisfaction. A thorough description of the primary research findings will follow, in order to give an insight on issues that exist at ETTS, and a comparison of these, and previous findings from secondary sources, on the issue will be made. Next, a detailed conclusion based on the findings of the research will be discussed. Recommendations will be given in order to map the best ways of dealing with the existing issues within the organization. Methodology: The research methodology required gathering relevant data from both primary and secondary sources in order to analyze the material and arrive at a more complete understanding of the effect of organizational hierarchy at ETTS on overall employee job satisfaction as illustrated below. Secondary Data The bulk of the secondary data used to conduct this research was collected from the UOW online database. A Total of nine scholarly research articles were derived from the university library database, adding to three which were obtained from the internet. One example of the articles used was published in the African Journal of Business Management in 2009 and is titled â€Å"Job satisfaction: Does rank make a difference?† by S. Z. Eyupoglu and T. Saner. This study was used to relate job satisfaction to employee ranking. Another example is research which was published in the Career development international journal in 2010 titled â€Å"Impact of career plateau and supervisory support on career satisfaction† by V. Wickramasinghe and M. Jayaweera. This research was examined to reflect the effect of supervisory support on the overall job satisfaction. Besides the scholarly research articles listed in the reference section, the textbook â€Å"Organizational Behavior† 15 th edition by S. Robbins and T. Judge was utilized as a general guide.

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Menstrual Cycle

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Menstrual Cycle Evaluation of oxidative stress and antioxidant status during  normal menstrual cycle Abstract: Background Objectives: Oxidative stress has been investigated to explain various physiological as well as pathological basis of many medical conditions. But very few data concerning the oxidative stress during normal menstrual cycle of eumenorrheic women are available. Thus, the purpose of study was to examine the physiological role of oxidative stress during normal menstrual cycle. Methods: 120 young healthy female subjects of reproductive age group (17-27 yrs), having regular menstrual cycle, were examined. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), an oxidative stress biomarker and serum ascorbic acid (vitamin-C), an antioxidant vitamin were assessed in the follicular phase (on 7th day) and in the luteal phase (on 21st day) of normal menstrual cycle. Results: In the present study, significant higher (p0.05) levels of ascorbic acid were observed in the luteal phase when compared to the follicular phase. Non-significant negative correlations were also observed between MDA and ascorbic acid in both the phases of normal menstrual cycle. Significant increase in serum MDA level coincided with the increased progesterone and estrogen levels during the luteal phase. High levels of estrogen may be the initiator of lipid peroxidation process which eventually ends up with cellular injury during the luteal phase. Interpretation Conclusion: Oxidative stress has an important role to play in physiological phenomenon of the menstruation. Keywords: Antioxidants, ascorbic acid, malondialdehyde (MDA), menstrual cycle, oxidative stress. Abbreviations: MDA, malondialdehyde. Introduction Menstrual cycle is the result of complex interacting processes involving interaction of the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, uterus, prostaglandins and neuroendocrine factors1. The normal menstrual cycle is a twenty eight day period which is divided into two phases i.e. follicular phase and luteal phase. The follicular phase is characterised by a low level of estrogen and progesterone which is followed by rise in estradiol, lutenizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone at the time of ovulation, while the luteal phase is associated with increased levels of progesterone and estrogen. These phases are associated with various changes in blood parameters along with variations in the sex hormones. Several powerful reactive oxygen species or free radicals or oxidants are produced during the course of metabolism in blood cells and most other cells of the body. These oxidants are very reactive molecules that can react with proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and other molecules which changes physicochemical status of the cell to alter their structure and cause tissue damage. Lipid peroxidation is a well established mechanism of cellular injury in human and is used as an indicator of oxidative stress in cells and tissues. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is one of the important byproduct of lipid peroxidation process which is widely used as an indicator of lipid peroxidation2. These free radicals are the target for the enzymatic and non-enzymatic scavenging systems3, which includes the antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin-A, vitamin-C, vitamin-E etc. that scavenge the free radicals and protect the tissues from oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been implicated in various physiological as well as pathological bases of many medical conditions including reproductive system. Evidences have shown the dual effects of oxygen radicals in the physiological reproductive processes such as oocyte maturation, ovulation, menstruation, luteolysis, luteal maintenance in pregnancy, implantation and blastocyst development4,5,6, as well as in the pathological conditions like spontaneous abortions and infertility in females7. The imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants resulting from either an overproduction of free radicals or a deficit in antioxidant protection leads to oxidative stress8. Although, reports regarding variations of oxidative stress across the normal menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic women have been published, specially in reference to MDA (a marker of oxidative stress and an important byproduct of lipid peroxidation), but these are sparse and have conflicting trend. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the role of oxidative stress during the different phases of normal menstrual cycle by measuring the MDA which is served as an oxidative stress biomarker and ascorbic acid (vitamin-C), served as an antioxidant. Materials and Methods The present study was carried out on 120 normal healthy and regular menstruating female subjects aged between 17 and 27 years (mean age 20.53 + 2.9 years) selected from thexxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Study was carried out in the xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxPermission was also obtained from institutional ethical committee for carrying out the research work. After seeking an informed written consent and recording the detailed menstrual history (i.e. age at menarche, date of last menstruation, cycle length and days of bleeding), the subjects were then subjected to sample collection. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum ascorbic acid (vitamin-C) levels were assayed during their monthly menstrual cycle. All subjects were neither obese nor on any medication of any known pathologies. 5 ml of fasting blood samples were drawn from antecubital vein from each subject during the follicular phase (on 7th day of the cycle) and luteal phase (on 21st day of the cycle) after taking full antiseptic precautions. The MDA levels were measured by thiobarbituric acid assay method9. The principle of the method was based on the spectrophotometric measurement of the colour developed during the reaction of thiobarbituric acid with MDA. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was calculated by the absorbance coefficient of malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid complex. Serum ascorbic acid was estimated spectrophotometrically, by using 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine10. The underlying principle was based on the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid followed by coupling with 2,4- dinitrophenyl hydrazine under controlled conditions, in the presence of Thiourea as a mild reducing agent which gives red coloured osazones. The data thus obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using the PRIMER OF BIOSTATISTICS software. The comparison of variables was done using the Student paired ‘t’ test and correlation between variables was estimated by using Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The significance level was considered at p Results The mean serum MDA and serum ascorbic acid levels during the follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle are presented as in Table 1. In the present study, the mean serum MDA (nmol/ml) level was greater during the luteal phase (4.294+1.60 nmol/ml) as compared to follicular phase (2.119+0.83 nmol/ml). The difference between MDA levels in the luteal phase was highly significant (p Lower values of serum ascorbic acid were found in luteal phase when compared to follicular phase. The mean values observed were 0.9399+0.40 mg/dl 0.8963+0.37 mg/dl in follicular phase and luteal phase, respectively. But, the changes were not significant statistically (p>0.05). In this study, a negative correlation was also observed between serum ascorbic acid (mg/dl) and serum MDA (nmol/ml) levels in both follicular and luteal phases but the correlation was found to be non-significant in both follicular phase (r value=-0.026, p>0.05) as well as in luteal phase (r value=-0.010, p>0.05). Table 1: Mean+SD levels of serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum Ascorbic acid during follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle. Data expressed as mean and SD, * Highly significant, ** Non-significant. Discussion Present study has revealed the role of oxidative stress in the physiology of menstruation. We observed a significant higher levels of MDA while a non-significant lower levels of ascorbic acid in the luteal phase when compared with the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Previous studies also have correlated increased serum MDA levels during the luteal phase with the physiological phenomenon of menstruation in the healthy normal menstruating females which support our study results6,11. While, no significant differences in MDA levels throughout the normal menstrual cycle also have been reported12,13,14. Unlike our study results, a progressive significant rise in plasma ascorbic acid levels has been reported from menstrual to ovulation15. Similarly, â€Å"a sharp increase in the fasting level of plasma Vitamin C† also has been showed in some women during the middle of the menstrual cycle16. Whereas, some other researchers found no evidences of unusual variability of plasma ascorbic acid values throughout the menstrual cycle, which supports our study17. The significant rise of MDA and depletion of ascorbic acid levels during the luteal phase of menstrual cycle coincides with the increased levels of estrogen and progesterone, which is a characteristic feature of this phase18. Increased levels of estrogen and progesterone cause the proliferation of uterus while the initiation of sloughing of the endometrium is mainly due to the rise in the estrogen levels18,19,20. Thus, the high estrogen level from developing follicles may be the initiator of lipid peroxidation process21, which eventually causes the cellular injury followed by release of cytokines especially tumour necrosis factor-alpha, which generates reactive oxygen species from the tissues which in turn causes lipid peroxidation22. The generated free radicals may play an important role in spasm of the highly vascularised vessels leading to vascular necrosis and menstrual flow, when hormonal support for the endometrium is diminished. High levels of oxidative stress have been coincided with high levels of female sex hormone such as estradiol in previous studies also6,21,23. While, in other studies a significant negative correlation between these parameters in regularly menstruating females also have been established24. Whereas, some evidences show no significant correlation between ovarian hormones and oxidative stress during the follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle25. Present study perhaps therefore suggests that the high MDA level in the luteal phase may play an important role in the initiation of menstruation which is a well established cellular injury based phenomenon. Conclusion In conclusion, these results suggest that increase of serum MDA levels may play an important role in the physiological phenomenon of menstruation. References 1. Joseph L. Mayo. A healthy menstrual cycle. Clinical Nutrition Insights 1997; 5(9): 1-8. 2. Raharjo S, Sofos JN and Schmitt GR. Solid-phase acid extraction improves thiobarbituric acid methods to determine lipid oxidation. J Food Sci 1993; 58: 921-932. 3. Grunert RR and Phillips PH. A modification of nitroprusside method of analysis for glutathione. Arch Biochem 1951; 30(2): 217-225. 4. Sawada M and Carlson J. Superoxide radical production in plasma membrane samples from regressing corpora lutea. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1989; 67(5): 465-471. 5. Harvey AJ, Kind KL and Thompson JG. REDOX regulation of early embryo development. Reproduction 2002; 123: 479-486. 6. Akande AA and Akinyinka AO. Serum malondialdehyde levels during menstrual cycle. Afr J Biotechnol 2005; 4(11): 1297-1299. 7. Agarwal A, Aponte-Mellado A, Premkumar BJ, Shaman A, Gupta S. The effects of oxidative stress on female reproduction: a review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10: 49. 8. Terada LS. Specificity in reactive oxidant signaling : Think globally, act locally. J Cell Biol 2006; 174: 615-623. 9. Satoh K. Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method. Clin Chim Acta 1978; 90(1): 37-43. 10. Natelson S. Determination of ascorbic acid by using 2,4 – dinitrophenyl hydrazine. Techniques of Clinical Chemistry. 3rd ed. Springfield, USA: Charles C. Thomas. 1971: 165-166. 11. Karowicz-Bilinska A, Plodzidym M, Krol J, Lewinska A, Bartosz G. Changes of markers of oxidative stress during menstrual cycle.Redox Rep 2008; 13(5): 237-240. 12. Serviddio G, Loverro G, Vicino M, et al. Modulation of endometrial redox balance during the menstrual cycle: relation with sex hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(6): 2843-2848. 13. Elhadd TA, Neary R, Abdu TA, et al. Influence of the hormonal changes during the normal menstrual cycle in healthy young women on soluble adhesion molecules, plasma homocysteine, free radical markers and lipoprotein fractions. Int Angiol 2003; 22(3): 222-228. 14. Browne RW, Bloom MS, Schisterman EF, et al. Analytical and biological variation of biomarkers of oxidative stress during the menstrual cycle. Biomarkers 2008; 11: 160-183. 15. Michos C, Kiortsis DN, Evangelou A, Karkabounas S. Antioxidant protection during the menstrual cycle : The effects of estradiol on ascorbic – dehydroascorbic acid plasma levels and total antioxidant plasma status in eumenorrhoic women during the menstrual cycle. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006; 85(8): 960-965. 16. Mickelson O, Dippel AL and Todd RL. Plasma Vitamin C levels in women during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1943; 3(11): 600-602. 17. Hauck HM. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of ascorbic acid in women during the menstrual cycle. J Nutr 1947; 33(5): 511-514. 18. Ganong. William F. Gonads: Development and function of the reproductive system. In: Review of Medical Physiology. 13th ed. USA: Prentice-Hall Int. Inc. 1987: 364-369. 19. Llewellyn-Jones D. Everywomen A gynaecological guide for life. 4th ed. The Chancer press. Great Britain: 1986: p-48. 20. Whitley RJ, Wayne M and Nelson BW. Endocrinology. In: Teitz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. Carl Burtis and Edward Ashwood (editors). Philadephia: Saundera company. 1992: p-1879. 21. Schisterman EF, Gaskins AJ, Mumford SL, et al. Influence of Endogenous Reproductive Hormones on F2-Isoprostane Levels in Premenopausal Women. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 172(4): 430-439. 22. Romero FJ, Bosch-Morell F, Romero MJ, Jareno EJ, Romero B, Roma MN. Lipid peroxidation products and antioxidants in human diseases. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106: 1229-1234. 23. Sowers M, McConnell D, Jannausch ML, et al. Oestrogen metabolites in relation to isoprostanes as a measure of oxidative stress. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 68(5): 806-813. 24. Bednarek–Tupikowska G, Bohdanowicz–Pawlak A, Bidzinska B, Milewicz A, Antonowicz–Juchniewicz J, Andrzejak R. Serum lipid peroxide and superoxide dismutase activity in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2001; 15(4): 298-303. 25. Lutoslawska G, Tkaczyk J, panczenco-– kresowska B, Hubner – Wozniak E, Skierska E, Gajewski AK. Plasma TBARS, blood GSH concentrations, and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities in regularly menstruating women with ovulatory and anovulatory menstrual cycles. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 331(1-2): 159-163.

Maintaining Marine Reef Aquarium Essay -- essays papers

Maintaining Marine Reef Aquarium Important Aspects in Maintaining a Marine Reef Aquarium There is something fascinating and relaxing in having an aquarium in a home. Like a fireplace’s warm glow and bright colors, the colors that are emitted from an aquarium can be just as warm and even more colorful. From the slow and graceful movement of the fish to the frantic feeding frenzy, an aquarium is different each time it is viewed. Although a freshwater tank can be full or color, it does not come close to the fiery colors that are present in a marine aquarium. Unfortunately, all the color and life that a marine aquarium holds is much more fragile and not as easy to keep as a freshwater tank. Therefore, the marine aquarium requires a plethora of devices working together and at optimum levels to maintain a successful tank. Items like protein skimmers, ultraviolet filters, sump filters, reverse osmosis units, and even wave-makers are just a few of the devices that are required to properly maintain a marine aquarium. With the exception to a properly constructed tank, nothing is as important to the marine aquarium as the water within the tank and the lighting given its inhabitants. Since water is the medium that the aquarium inhabitants must live in, it is the most vital component in any tank. The quality of the water used will directly effect how successful the aquarium is. The chemical balance of the water must be watched closely. If the salt content varies too much, or harmful chemicals build up, the water will kill the inhabitants of the tank. Since fresh pure sea water is not readily accessible, the easiest water source for the majority of hobbyists is the faucet. However, the tap water that comes from the local water treatment plants may be safe for human consumption but is most likely toxic to marine life. Water treatment plants remove most of the harmful chemicals, but the water delivered is anything but pure. Often this tap water contains high levels of phosphates and nitrates that can be harmful to aquarium inhabitants. Also, copper may leach from pipes, and it is deadly to marine invertebrates (Goldstein 8). This leaves very few options for water to the hobbyist. One of the last, and probably the best option for obtaining a pure water source is by using reverse osmosis water. Reverse osmosis is a process of filtering ... ...k monitoring water conditions and lighting quickly becomes only a minor chore as the aquarium begins to regulate itself. Considering the amount of work and money a fireplace requires, the aquarium is a much easier and cheaper centerpiece that can be added to any room. It becomes a landscaping of art that even the best painters have difficulty capturing, and can be enjoyed by everyone. Works Cited Dakin, Nick, The Marine Aquarium Problem Solver. Blaksburg, VA: Tetra Press, 1998. Friese, U. Erich. Keeping a Reef Aquarium. Neptune, NJ:YearBOOKS Inc, 1996. Gamble, Sam. Light Energy 5 October 1999. Goldstein, Robert J. Marine Reef Aquarium Handbook. New York: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc, 1997. Larson, Scott. Personal Interview. 10 September 1999. Madison, Pieter. â€Å"You Can Succeed with Marines.† Tropical Fish Hobbyist. August 1999: 38-46. Paletta, Mike. â€Å"Water Changes.† SeaScope, Fall 1997, 3. Reefkeeper’s FAQ. 18 September 1999. Shimek, Ronald L. â€Å"So, You Want to Join the Marines.† Aquarium USA, 1999: 61-75. Tullock, John H. Natural Reef Aquariums. Shelborne, VT: Microcosm Ltd, 1997. Walker, Matt. Personal Interview. 20 October 1999

How Social Capital is Viewed by Different Communities Essay -- Social

Introduction The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast two different papers that highlight how social capital is viewed by different communities in any given society. The first article titled â€Å"Social Capital and Civil Society† was published in October 1999 by Francis Fukuyama from the institute of Public Policy, George Mason University. Fukuyama (1999) explores to examine in a wider context what social capital is? It’s key function in the free market, how social capital is measured and finally makes suggestions on how social capital can be cultivated for the good in any given society. In the second article titled â€Å"What is Social Capital and why is it important to Public Policy?† was published in 1998 by Robert E. Lang and Steven P. Hornburg from the Fannie Mae Foundation. The authors highlight that social capital has a clear link to government housing and urban policy formation and argue that the lack of social capital has a clear affect to community stability and housing provision. By using Robert Putman’s concepts and comparing six different articles on social capital the author’s further see the increase to social capital to an area has a high effect to the community and improves the lives of many people that are living in deprived areas of the society. Brief Outline Articles Article One â€Å"Social Capital and Civil Society† published in October 1999 By Francis Fukuyama from the institute of Public Policy, George Mason University. Fukuyama (1999) defines social capital as the cooperation of a group of people that are mainly formed by two or more people. He goes further to claim that the formation of the group can be between two very good friends or be more complicated like in the formation of religious group b... ...l suggested by â€Å"globalisation† where the involvement of the community is made not just for capital gain but by ideas of culture. In conclusion this two articles even though different and written for two different audiences, prove without a doubt the theoretical concept behind social capital whether the focus is in housing, public policy or civil society, an enhanced social capital within a community can generate good to any given society. Bibliography Fukuyama F., (1999). Social Capital and Civil Society. The Institute of Public Policy. Web. March 1, 2016 https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/seminar/1999/reforms/fukuyama.htm Lang R.E, and Hornburg S.P (1998) What is Social Capital and why is it important to Public Policy?. Housing Policy Debate. Vol.9, No.1, pp1-16. Web. March 6, 2016 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10511482.1998.9521284

So long a letter :: essays research papers

Daniel Overmyer’s, Religions of China, discusses the historical developments of the different religions of China. It also addresses the impact religion has on the daily life of the Chinese in the past and present. Overmyer introduces the Chinese living system with his knowledge of Feng-shui, and how everything is connected by shared rhythms. â€Å"These rhythms are discussed as the cold, dark forces of yin and the hot, bright forces of yang; together with the five powers of metal, plant, life, water, fire and earth; these forces are modes of qi, â€Å"vital substance†. Their interaction produces all things† (12). The author does an excellent job in his approach to teaching Chinese religions and culture. He explains its concept and upbringings then tries to relate them to the reader’s daily life. This book serves as an introduction to Chinese History, in terms of religions and practices, which paved the way for China today. In order to help introduce the major cultural and religious features of the book, the author places a chronological list of events in the beginning of the text; from the Prehistoric time (6000 B.C.) to the Peoples Republic of China (1949-present). Its geographical limits are all of China, which extends from the Pacific Ocean to India to Afghanistan, and from Burma in the south to Siberia in the north. Overmyer gives a brief historical view of the country’s’ political and social climb, one example was with the decline of the Hans dynasty to the uprising of the Yellow Turbans then to Way of the Celestial Masters. â€Å"These two popular movements were also forerunners of Daoism, which became the most important religious tradition founded in China† (37). The presentation of the text is thematic and it provides the reader with a step by step analysis to religions and practices. The author presents the concept in a very organized fashion. The first chapter introduces the beliefs and values of China’s living system, with the concept of Feng-shui and qi. The next chapter gives a brief overview of the historical developments of the different religions; Daoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Popular Religion, and Foreign Religion. The proceeding chapters include the traditions and practices in their religious life and also the community’s intervention with the spiritual life; i.e. The Spring Festival, Exorcism and the Buddhist Enlightenment. The last chapter, Chinese Religions Today, emphasizes on present day religion in Taiwan and China mainland. Overmyer is very knowledgeable in the subject matter, he was taught by his mother during his first 5 years living in China.

American and Iranian educational system Essay

In some counties, like Iran, one of the problems is that most of the immigrants prefer to live in the USA because of the educational system. In Iran, principals of the schools do not pay much attention to the way lessons are thought to the students; however, one of the places that care most about the educational system is the USA. In the United States, all students have the same opportunity of gaining their goals. By knowing the differences between the educational system between the USA and Iran, principals can develop the educational system better than before. Consequently, by having a better educational system, student’s knowledge will be improved. The educational structure in Iran differs from the USA in hardness of materials in high schools, opportunity for studying, atmosphere and facilities. The first difference between the educational system of Iran and the USA is that in Iran science materials in the high schools include university courses of the USA. Therefore, there are a lot for students to cover in high schools, and the courses are also too hard. So students in Iran study more prior to the university than their peers in the USA. Moreover, there is a university entrance exam in Iran that takes place each year in the summer, which includes all material of four years of high school. If students pass this test, they can attend to the university; otherwise, they should study one more year to retake the exam. Likewise, TASP is one of tests that all students should take, which takes place in some states in America; however, failing in any parts of these exams does not prevent students from entering universities in the year that they have planned to. . Additionally, in America, study materials in high schools cannot be compared to those of universities. Because from high school to university the courses become hard suddenly compared to the easy ones in the high schools. As a result, if students migrate from Iran to the USA, they will find most of the university courses easy because of having a strong educational back ground from their countries. In addition to complication of materials, another educational system variation between Iran and United States is the opportunity for people in all conditions to study. Most of students who have defects are ashamed of studying next to the other students in Iran. Besides, in Iran if disabled  students decide to continue studying in the universities, there are no efficient facilities as well as capable teachers for them. On the other hand, in the USA, schools pay equal attention to all normal and disabled students. For instance, the USA universities have specified computers, scanners, and testing centers for disabled students. They are also some people who can become their private tutors in case of demands. Furthermore, many people as well as the ones who are above thirty years old study in the American universities, but in Iran classroom colleagues have all same ages. Besides hardness of materials and study conditions, another contrast is atmosphere of the classes in Iran and the USA. In Iran, students can neither eat nor speak with each other in the class hours because it distracts others concentrations from teacher’s speech. On the other hand, in the United States, students can eat whenever they feel hungry in the class, which makes an informal atmosphere. They can also sit anyway that makes them more comfortable including a sleeping position. Then again, in the formal atmosphere of the classes in Iran, students have to have the instructor’s permission to get out of the class. In addition, the benefit of a formal atmosphere in class is that by paying more attention to their teacher, students can learn better. While not concentrating fully on to the teacher’s speech, has a negative effect on the educational level. Furthermore, the last important difference between educational system in Iran and the USA is having several kinds of facilities in their schools. Iran is one of the countries that dose not have too many facilities for the students. Therefore, if students did not read the chapter that their teacher want to teach before the class, they may confront difficulty in understanding it. Nevertheless, in spite of having less facility in the schools in Iran, students improve their learning level by registering in private or semiprivate classes. On the other hand, students in the USA have all kind of facilities in their schools, which are free for them. In the United States, student can access to various types of learning methods easily. As an example, by reading different books, having tutors, and watching films about that specific subject in their schools, they can improve their learning level. In summary, Educational system in Iran differs from the USA in hardness of material in high schools, condition of studying, atmosphere and tools of studying. Students can combine the positive methods of both Iran and the USA for improving their educational system. Additionally, having a break in the middle of a formal atmospheric class is an alternative way of recapturing students’ attention when they feeling tired distracts their attention.

The Narrative

Jacques EpangueEnglish 101, 9M2 Professor Rolando JorifSpring 2013 The Narrative In â€Å"About Men†, by Gretel Ehrlich, the author describes cowboys like men who seem to have trouble communicating with and relating to women, yet cling to an â€Å"adolescent dependency† on women to take care of them. This trouble of communication with women can be perceived by others as a sign of weakness even a lack of virility. However, according to Ehrlich it may be because of historical and geographical factors.Cowboys who are mostly from the South kept that â€Å"chivalrousness and strict codes of honor† when the came to the Wyoming. This is why men would show a stand-offish and respectful attitude vis-a-vis the women. Also, due to the geographical vastness of the North, cowboys often work where there is no human beings or women. He is physically and socially isolated which â€Å"make emotional evolution seem impossible†. Therefore, if it happened that he feels someth ing for a woman, he would have trouble communicating because he is not use to the code of seduction that average people know.And yet, â€Å"dancing wildly all night becomes a metaphor for the explosive emotions pent up inside, and when these are, on occasion, released, they're so battery-charged and potent that one caress of the face of one â€Å"I love you† will peal for a long while. † The attempt of the author to explain why the American cowboy tends to be rather reserved when it comes to seduce a woman squares well with her painting of his personality.Keep in mind that the purpose of her writing is to â€Å"reveal the complex nature of the American cowboy†, so she tries to show how the stereotype of the cowboy does not reflect the reality. This man who is â€Å"usually thought of as a rugged and tough† individual, is not only full of manliness, but has his own kind of femininity reflected in his altruism, but also in his relationship with women, chara cterized by what the author names â€Å"Those contradictions of the heart between respectability, logic and convention on the one hand, and impulse, passion, and intuition on the other†.In fact the author stands that cowboys are vulnerable too, and according to her and Ted Hoagland â€Å"No one is as fragile as a woman but no one is as fragile as a man. † The stereotype of the manly and macho cowboy is subject of uncertainly since we read Gretel Ehrlich. According to her, the image of American cowboy paints by media does not match the reality.Base on her own experience in the Wyoming she describes the American cowboy as a man with a complex nature, a combination of masculinity and femininity. The American cowboy is certainly â€Å"strong and silent†, or a â€Å"rugged individualist†, but not in the perverted way the media tend to show us. And if he looks evasive with women it is not because he is tough, but because he is missing the code of seduction, â⠂¬Å"the vocabulary to express the complexity of what they feel. â€Å"

Cooperative Learning Is Defined As An Interdependent Group Education Essay

Dahley ( 1994 ) identifies classroom needs that advance a comfy concerted acquisition environment in schools. Using the concerted acquisition scheme increases pupil accomplishment, societal accomplishments, post-school success, and the use of resources. Research supports this scheme as an engaging environment for the scholar ensuing in higher academic accomplishment and self-pride in pupils. This in bend increases the overall satisfaction of larning in pupils and promotes the desire to accomplish, every bit good as creates practical accomplishments needed in the concern universe. Johnson & A ; Johnson ( n.d. ) advocate the usage of concerted acquisition in any type of course of study that group work is executable. The standards for effectual execution in any schoolroom include the alteration of bing resources as one of the foundations for this scheme. Furthermore, the instructor is required to understand the demands environing the course of study, capable, and pupils. This will let for the appraisal of effectual heterogenous grouping constructions within the schoolroom. There are five indispensable constituents presented for instructors to see when organizing concerted acquisition groups. The first is group size. Small groups of two to five are most effectual, particularly with heterogenous grouping. The 2nd constituent is group map. Functionality of a group involves coaction, job resolution, treatments, brainstorming, and sharing resources to get at a reciprocally good finish. Another of import facet is group norms, which are cultivated over clip by making t he groups and keeping them to the criterions of mutuality for accomplishment. Next, group accomplishments are required to be taught throughout the procedure. Teaching and reenforcing the coveted accomplishments of teamwork, back uping others in the group, credence, positive interactions, and struggle declaration will non merely assist the pupils understand what is expected of them in their groups, but these accomplishments besides transfer to other countries such as the schoolroom, school, and community. Finally, ends and regulations are to be communicated clearly to the pupils. This is of import for group building every bit good as the activities the groups must carry through together. Kagan ( 1994 ) focuses on prosecuting mutuality that involves all pupils hand in glove and non competitively. Grouping should be structured to profit all group members every bit and use the different strengths of each member to counterbalance for any lacks. When instructors create a concerted acquisition environment to show lesson stuff to carefully selected heterogenous groups, the cooperation of pupils will increase and competitory behaviours become diminished. Even though competition is a normal behaviour exhibited by pupils, inordinate usage of competition can sabotage accomplishment in the schoolroom. Cooperation does non exhibit this quality. It enhances larning by making a structured acquisition environment that requires the pupil to be an active participant in the acquisition procedure, as opposed to a inactive perceiver in a schoolroom. Reducing competition in the schoolroom besides provides an chance for ELL pupils to take hazards they usually would non. Concerted acquisiti on is motivational for ELL pupils as it gives multiple positions within the group, it leads to deeper apprehension of the stuff, and it allows them to build cognition by detecting other pupils using higher-level thought ( Colorado, 2007 ) . The effectual execution of concerted acquisition entails five elements. The first component, positive mutuality, ensures the trust on each group member to finish the undertakings. Face-to-face interaction is the 2nd, and it requires each group member to interact personally with each member in a positive mode. Following, the answerability of each group member assures that the 3rd component of single engagement is met. The 4th, societal accomplishments, builds the environment for larning the necessary accomplishments throughout the interactions of the group every bit good as heightening accomplishments brought in from the members. Finally, group processing assesses the group through the positive and negative sentiments of the group members ( Dahley, 1994, Johnson & A ; Johnson, n.d. , Kagan, 1994 ) . The fortunes that allow for the usage of this scheme are illimitable. From pre-school to high school, the group interaction creates an mutuality that promotes socially responsible behaviour and increased accomplishment. When this attack is used to better linguistic communication accomplishments, the pupils have the ability to believe at a higher degree, hear and discourse the sentiments of other pupils, and associate the stuff to their lives in a more echt manner. An illustration of an activity affecting this scheme is the Think-Pair-Share activity ( Kagan, 1994 ) . The pupils begin by working separately on the inquiries that are given for a specific subject, such as designation and comparing of characters in a book the category is reading. After about 10 proceedingss, the pupils are grouped in braces where they discuss the replies to their inquiries with each other. After about five proceedingss, the braces so portion their replies with other squads or the whole group. This scheme h elps ELL pupils communicate what they are believing to a schoolmate in a less baleful environment and acquire the position of other pupils. Concerted grouping has many different attacks. Groups can be little as braces or big as required to run into the aims of the instructional activity. Ideally, they should incorporate three to five heterogenous pupils for the bulk of activities assigned. Homogeneous grouping, or ability grouping, can hold some benefits but is by and large best to be used meagerly, particularly with ELL pupils. Grouping ELL pupils homogeneously will non let for linguistic communication growing, as they will non hold entree to the equal patterning necessary to increase their linguistic communication accomplishments. Randomly puting pupils in groups can be effectual every bit long as all groups can run into the instructional ends of the activity, and there is a low incidence of ELL pupils in the schoolroom. Effective arrangement in heterogenous groups requires instructors to be cognizant of the ability degrees and societal accomplishments of the pupils in order to fit up complimentary accomplishments. Concerted grouping used to assist pupils with written look helps pupils derive experience by working through the authorship procedure. This is particularly good to ELL pupils. The instructor can make assorted ability groups where the stronger authors are able to assist the weaker 1s. Groups can be created to get down the authorship procedure with prewriting, which calls for brainstorming subject thoughts. All pupils can easy lend to this measure. After pupils have selected a subject, they can compose their rough bill of exchange in braces. When it is clip for alteration and redaction, group members take bends reading the documents and adding remarks, inquiries, or corrections as needed until the concluding bill of exchange is completed. This gives pupils the experience of reading the documents of other pupils as the composing procedure unfolds and the chance to better their ain authorship accomplishments through equal ratings. Working in little groups can assist ELL pupils larn how to work together and convey out larning chances that may hold been missed by independent work entirely. When pupils have a clear common end to work toward they can utilize their accomplishments to assist each other learn ( Gootman, 2001 ) . By promoting effectual communicating between equals to work out jobs in a safe orderly environment, a instructor is promoting societal growing and acquisition every bit good as academic accomplishment. As pupils learn to interact efficaciously with other pupils, accepting and lending different thoughts from the group as a whole it non merely builds assurance in the pupil socially, it strengthens the sense of accomplishment in academic undertakings. For ELL pupils, this provides a safe acquisition environment for them to larn and spread out their cognitive linguistic communication accomplishments within a societal context. Using concerted larning groups non merely develops psychosocial accomplishments in a safe and controlled environment, but besides creates state of affairss for ELL pupils to develop their linguistic communication accomplishments through equal mold. Cooperative acquisition allows ELL pupils who may non understand a given assignment to acquire aid from equals who do. Most pupils enjoy group work, and when they work in groups it can be a manner to promote them to take part in a undertaking that may be otherwise disputing or hard for them. The drawback to this is that some pupils can merely let the others to make their work for them, but if the instructor is watching closely, it should be evident who is lending and who is non and the instructor can step in as needed. There is a high degree of pupil battle with concerted grouping. All of the pupils have a undertaking and actively concentrate on making their portion. They can utilize thoughts from each other to come up with a solution to their group job. Concerted behaviours occur when the pupils who are more knowing aid those who are fighting in order to finish the undertaking as a group. This allows ELL pupils to construct their linguistic communication accomplishments.

Economic Integration in Latin America: a Reality or a Mith?

Economic Integration in LATAM: A Reality or a Myth Oscar R. Martinez Latin American International Relations 19 March 2013 Integration for Latin American (LATAM) states has been an overarching approach when discussing foreign relations in the western hemisphere. Much of the literature proposed in this class proposes the intentions of LATAM states to integrate at different levels. However, this paper will demonstrate that regional economic integration is formally happening. Yet, it remains weak and inconclusive.Internal bureaucracy and the lack of commitment to these integration efforts overshadow the intentions for economic integration. This paper will examine the different strategic options for economic integration in LATAM, the reason why LATAM states seek for economic integration and most importantly the factors impeding and weakening regional integration in the western hemisphere. This analysis is based on the historical evidence of LATAM states’ behavior and trading trends . To grasp the ongoing economic liberalization policies in LATAM, we must first understand viable strategic options of economic integration for LATAM states.After the Cold War, Latin America faced a prospect of marginalization. The distinctive economic disadvantages to compete in the world economics presented different strategic integration options that could provide the foundation for long-term development and growth. Peter H. Smith proposed four different economic integration options for Latin America at the beginning of the new millennium: unilateral liberalization, joining with the North, extra-hemispheric partnership, and regional integration.These strategic models accentuated the different available options LATAM states could consider in order to the meet political and economic agendas. The first strategic option available is the unilateral liberalization of economic programs to strengthen commercial and financial ties with major power centers. This option allows countries to center on export-led development were internal policies focuses on the diversification of products and partners and continually seek foreign investments from multiple sources. Chile is an example of using this lucrative option.Before Pinochet, Chile exercised protectionist trade policies that suffocated its trading opportunities throughout the globe. Pinochet’s economic reforms resembled this option advocating free trade and allowing Chile to develop commercial ties with Europe, Japan, and the United States without allowing dependence to any single trade partner. Chile has the most signed free trade agreements in South America. The second strategic option is joining economic grounds with the United States. This alternative seems beneficial for LATAM countries because it also integrates them with the world economy.LATAM states understand the current economic position of the United States and its interdependence in the global economy; this assertion could incentivize other coun tries to meet their economic ambitions at a global scale. Countries view this option as an opportunity to integrate with the strongest world’s economy, which will enable them to gain prestige and trading opportunities in the global market. Mexico has followed this option, mostly because of its geographic proximity to the United States, benefitting from the free access to the U.S. market—with NAFTA— and tormenting from its sole dependence. In 2011, nearly 80% of Mexico’s exports were tied to the United States. This can be referred as â€Å"putting most of your eggs in one basket. † Nevertheless, the Mexican economy has significantly grown since NAFTA. The third strategic options is seeking extra-hemispheric partnership. LATAM leaders have the option to develop economic ties with extra-hemispheric trading blocs such as the European Union and the Asian-Pacific Region.LATAM countries to offset the hegemonic position of the United States often use this option. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Peru, and Venezuela have made remarkable efforts in exercising this option in the past decade. Some countries and/or regional trading blocs see this as a feasible option due to the competition and intense bureaucratic limitations within their own region or subregion. Consequently, this option allows LATAM states to diversify their trading partnership. The fourth and final strategic option is the main focus for this paper.The regional/subregional economic integration option affirms self-reliance. This alternative provides a realistic approach in changing economic configurations of international power. Therefore, we must further examine this option and explain why LATAM insist on integrating their economies. Regional economic integration agreements depend on the motivation, form, coverage and content. It is often that the major actors set the agenda not only with the view of constructing and retaining power at that regional level but also to est ablish global precedents.According to Smith, â€Å"given the diversity of interests and economic structures, Latin American leaders have focused not only on continental unification but on subregional integration—projects for economic cooperation among groups of Latin American countries, rather than for the continent as a whole. † The level of interest in regional integration depends on what cost/benefit (political and economical) analysis in the countries involved. We can argue that Latin America is not homogeneous block, therefore, the different intentions and needs from each country drive regional economic integration at different scales.Nevertheless, LATAM countries insist in integrating their economies for more relevant factors. First, they wanted to keep their market open for trade (market liberalization). After the Cold War, developing countries in the region needed to increase their trade opportunities in order to level the economic blow caused by developed nati ons. Open markets increase economic development among partner countries and enhance interaction and cooperation between states and markets. Economic Integration is also a way to overcome the limitation of small domestic markets.Second, countries want to compete with other regional integration options. Countries that feel limited to an outside regional trading bloc will try to form its own to level the plain field. The Andean Pact (1989) was the first economic integration effort in the western hemisphere. Others followed immediately after this economic block was established: Central American Common Market (CACM—1990), Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR—1991), and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA—1993). LATAM countries were pressured to compete as a bloc instead as single element.Third, common norms and ideals spreading to the region encouraged economic integration between these countries. Former Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez led a common anti-US mo vement to contest different political and economic views. The Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA) formed by President Chavez intended a regional cooperation of many LATAM countries based on the idea of the social, political and economic integration. The Bolivarianism movement is an effort to balance against the Washington consensus and liberal markets sponsored by the US.These type economic integrations have more of a completion of economic, social and political ideals. Diana Tussie articulates, â€Å"Regionalism in Latin America is not just a single tidy entity but has given way to many coexisting and competing projects with fuzzy boundaries. † Regional integration provides a variety of incentives for LATAM countries, however, not everything is as easy as it seems. LATAM effort for regional integration started in 1960 with the Latin American Free trade association (LAFTA), however, this and other regional integration projects failed due to the internal and externa l factor that limited or impeded its success.Numerous internal and external factors impeding effective economic integration continue to weaken these regional efforts. Internal factors such as commodities-based economies and domestic policies influence the commitment and participation to these integration projects. External factors such other attractive international options also weakens the regional economic integration. Regional integration is constantly threatened by these factors and it is more evident in Latin America. Despite of the formal integration, the effectiveness of these regional institutions is directly affected by domestic elements.The first internal factor affecting this regional integration endeavors is the number of commodities-based economies. The commodities for countries are not complimentary with each other. Competition for the open trade in the global market becomes fiercely competitive. Countries will ignore treaties to gain competitive advantage. The â€Å" commodity lottery† or the random allocation of natural resources endowments seems to be an influential factor when deciding trading partners. For example, Brazil and Argentina are both members of MERCOSUR, but both are competing for the right to export their agricultural and energy products outside the region.Tussie reveals this issue by stating that â€Å"regional institutions remain feeble, honoured more in spirit than in letter, and intra-regional relations are frayed with competing development projects. † The second internal factor is domestic policies. This factor impeding the effective economic integration is broken in two different elements: changes in regime and bureaucratic domestic pressures. The constant changes of political regimes affect the stability of a regional institution. Establishments of new political reforms will directly affect economic ambitions set in treaties by previous regimes.An example of General Pinochet economic reform in Chile has isolat ed its regional neighbors. The drastic withdrawal of Chile from the Andean Pact and the sway of neo-liberalism generated major economic crises, antagonism to region-wide industrial planning, and a backlog of non-compliance decisions in the region. Hugo Chavez in Venezuela has also stirred the pot on the new endeavors for MERCOSUR, making this trading bloc more of a political instrument rather than an economic integration system. Other domestic pressures come from the legislative institutions blocking and making these trading initiatives almost impossible to achieve.The bureaucratic process to ratify new or change current treaties—in particular Free Trade Agreements—seems to discourage any further economic integrations. Countries such as Colombia, Chile, Costa Rica would rather sign unilateral treaties than entering into a regional bloc. The final factor affecting the economic integration in Latin America is the recognition of a more attractive option outside their regi on to integrate their economies. Research shows that less than 28 percent of the overall trade in in Latin America is intra-regional.This means that economic institutions in Latin America do not take advantage or effectively use their regional partners for trade. For most of the LATAM countries, their top five trading partners include the United States, China, and the European Union. Again, the â€Å"commodity lottery† plays a huge role in the influence of why these countries prefer other international states for economic integration. The United States is the most important trading partner for most of the LATAM countries. The economies of many of these LATAM countries depend on the import and export with the United States.Their economic dependence influences some regional decisions. Nevertheless, these economic decisions could be used to balance against the United State, even though; this could also hurt their own economy. For example, Venezuela’s largest trading partn er is the United States. Yet, Venezuela’s domestic and regional economic policies continue to challenge those economic practices it depends the most on. Another huge external factor is the emergence of China and its economic influence in Latin America. LATAM countries see China as a potential alternative from the northern hegemony.Also, China’s manufacturing industry is highly competitive from those in Latin America. Many countries would prefer cheaper Chinese manufactured good than a more expensive one from their regional partners. China indeed affected the regional integration in Latin America. As expressed by Tussie, referring to regional economic institutions, â€Å"it has as an ‘epic’ status as a preferred tool for promoting social rather than mere market goals. † Historically, regional integration has always been part of the LATAM culture. Whether for political or economic gains, the effort to form these institutions is relevant and somehow to o optimistic.This paper displays different economic options LATAM states have in regards to economic integration. It also defines regional or subregional integration and lists some of the reasons why LATAM states insist in regional integration. Finally, the evidence and examples shown of the internal and external factors that impede and/or weaken regional integration support the following conclusion. A pragmatic approach in the economic and trading decisions seem to dominate the foreign policies of most LATAM countries, affecting the strength, legitimacy, and relevance of these formal regional institutions. ——————————————- [ 1 ]. Peter H. Smith, â€Å"Strategic Options for Latin America,† Latin America in the New World System, in Latin America in the New International System, ed. Joseph Tulchin and Ralph Espach (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 2001), 38. [ 2 ]. Ibid. , 35-36. [ 3 ]. Ibid. ,39. [ 4 ]. Ibid. , 39-41. [ 5 ]. â€Å"US Relations with Mexico,† Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, US Department of State, accessed on March 15, 2013, http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35749. htm. [ 6 ]. Smith, â€Å"Strategic Options Latin America,† 46-53. [ 7 ].Diana Tussie, â€Å"Latin America: Contrasting Motivations for Regional Projects,† Review of International Studies 35, S1 (2009), 169-188, doi:10. 1017/S026021050900847X. [ 8 ]. Smith, â€Å"Strategic Options Latin America,† 46. [ 9 ]. Tussie, â€Å"Contrasting Motivations Regional,† 170. [ 10 ]. Ibid. [ 11 ]. Francisco E. Gonzalez, â€Å"Latin America in the Economic Equation—Winners and Losers: What can losers do? † in China’s Expansion into the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Latin American and the United States, ed. Riordan Roett and Guadalupe Paz (Washington, D. C. :Brookings Institution Press, 2008), 151. [ 12 ].Tussie, â€Å"Contrasting Motivations Regional,† 170. [ 13 ]. Ibid. , 174. [ 14 ]. â€Å"International Trade and Market Access Data,† World Trade Organization website, accessed on March 3, 2013, http://webservices. wto. org/resources/profiles/MT/TO/2011/WLD_e. pdf. [ 15 ]. â€Å"International Trade and Market Access Data,† World Trade Organization website, accessed on March 3, 2013, http://www. wto. org/english/res_e/statis_e/statis_bis_e. htm? solution=WTO&path=/Dashboards/MAPS&file= Map. wcdf&bookmarkState={%22impl%22:%22client%22,%22params%22:{%22langParam%22:%22en%22}}. [ 16 ]. Tussie, â€Å"Contrasting Motivations Regional,† 176.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 62

Assignment Example However, when looking closer at these seemingly negative articles all they do is talk about how the government is being a good government and handling the problems responsibly. For instance the Domestic violence article starts with a line about the government being very effective in tackling the problem. The HIV article does similar things later on by pointing out free hospital treatment and the number of clinics that are available. In the US or another country with free speech, this might be quite different as newspapers have a tendency to point out the negative aspects of government even more so than the positive. In China this is clearly not the case and the newspapers are run by the government so they have to only say good things. In this sense they can sometimes serve as propaganda machines. Surprisingly the newspapers are neutral in the article about North Korea, and do not talk about the foreign governments in a bad way like I would expect. I wonder if this is different in Chinese-language versions or if it is the

Venetian Altarpieces 1460-1505 Literature review

Venetian Altarpieces 1460-1505 - Literature review Example The altarpieces were often funded by the affluent Venetians, therefore the altarpieces, like the chapels that house them, were often meant as a celebration of the affluence and rank of these families. Seidel (1994) states that such patronage could be a family’s way of regaining prominence after it has returned from exile, or could be a way to celebrate enormous prosperity for the family. Humfrey (1994) states that, for instance, Jacopo Bellini’s altarpiece Annunciation was commissioned by the widow of Gattamelata, Giacomo da Leonessa. De Leonessa was closely associated with Donatello and was a patron of Mantegna. As such, she was at the forefront of the Renaissance art in Northeastern Italy, and she wanted her altarpieces to be as up to date as these other pieces. This meant that Jacopo Bellini would have had specific terms for his commission to construct the Annunciation. Rubin (1994) states that the subject of the painting was not usually left to the artist, but, rather, was decided by the patrons before the artist even begun working. The subject was decided before the artist was even chosen. The patrons would usually decide what it was that they were trying to convey, and calculated their needs and budget for the work accordingly. The patrons then set out to find a master to carry out their designs. The wills, bequests, and donations for these altarpieces usually stipulated that the paintings be carried out by a famous or skilled master. The painter could, however, embellish the painting as he saw as being necessary – for instance, the painter, such as Perugino, would add angels, ornaments and extra heads. However, these artists were not invented, so much as they were ornamenting or filling in the blanks for the patrons. It was all very workmanlike, according to Muraro (1994), in that the artist or the artist’s house would sign a detai led contract that would dictate which patron saints would be depicted, the time that would be allotted for the painting to be completed, the day for delivery of the painting, the information about arbitration in cases of dispute, and the forms of payment.

Cleaning Oil Spills with Magnets Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cleaning Oil Spills with Magnets - Assignment Example The EVTN voraxial oil separator development by Fort Lauderdale uses the centrifugal by the gravity force to separate two or more different liquids. It was used during the 2010 BP Oil Spill, with effects such as the provision of industrial and environmental separation technology, the development of the company for both sells and manufactures, and the establishment of the Florida precision aerospace company. The long-term effect of this oil spill, which is considered as the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry, is hydrocarbon poisoning in the environment. However, it also paved the way for the establishment of the Exxon- Valdez voraxial separator. The long-term effects of magnetic soap are a high rate of marine and birds survival, the establishment of the industrial chemist, and the use of electrical melting point, and conductivity to clean the environment.

Research project (body scanning technology) Paper

Project (body scanning technology) - Research Paper Example These body imaging scanners can be found in several areas of the security industry, including in commercial loss prevention and in government buildings that require an extra level of security. However, one of the most popularly discussed usages of the technology is in airports, and in 2010 it was announced that these would be put into use at 28 airports in the United States, including New Yorks JFK and Fort Lauderdale International. The use of these has been defended by the US Homeland Security Secretary, who says that these will severely reduce incidences of smuggling, terrorism and on-flight crime. The following essay will discuss the technology in detail, including full details on the benefits that these machines can bring to the security industry. Following this, the privacy concerns which have been raised will be covered, as will the health issues that have been linked to the machines. Particular focus will be on the privacy concerns that have been dominating the media with rega rds to this technology, as it is a particularly pressing issue for those who feel we may be lapsing into a Big Brother state, as well as those who feel uncomfortable with the use and possible storage of these images. Body scanning technology is based on the principle of the millimeter wave. Most materials used for clothing are transparent when viewed under this frequency of radio band, and images taken by these scanners will therefore show any concealed objects that may not be evident to the naked eye. The scanners come in two forms, known as active and passive. The passive form is one that uses the natural energy emitted from objects, and is generally considered to be as safe as a digital camera for the person being photographed. The active scanners rely on directing these millimeter radio waves at the object and then reading the energy which has been directed back (Laskey, 2010). This

History and Imagination in Daniel's Richter's Facing East from Italian Essay

History and Imagination in Daniel's Richter's Facing East from Italian Country - Essay Example The book surpasses the narrow confinements of the academic study and depicts the Eastern and Western perspective of historical developments in early Native America from an instrumentalist point of view. Richter’s study also centres on the creation of histories and their construction as part of a transcontinental discourse. In the words of the author, the main purpose of the book is to â€Å"hear Native voices when they emerge from the surviving documents, to capture something about how the past might have been if we could observe it from Indian country† (9). In the following chapters, Richter achieves his purpose. History is personified and imagined through the accounts of the Native Americans. Organized in six chapters, the study reveals the evolution of the relations between the settlers and the Native Americans. The structure successfully captures the psychology behind this evolution and chronologically depicts its stages. Initially the image of the settlers is imagi ned by the Native people, as a distant, non-tangible world. Richter describes the materialization of this world and the gradual establishment of social dynamics, which Indians and settlers shared. The natives started to make use of the new tools and guns in order to improve their crafts, and as a result commerce began to prosper. Also, the redistribution of economic resources is a result of the innovation brought by the settlers (52-80). What makes Richter’s method interesting and authentic is its ‘double’ (his)tory-telling. He accounts for the perspective of the Westerners, as well as the perspective of the Native people, whose historical articulation of the same occurrences has been different. A good example is the story of Pokahontas in Chapter 3, where the opposing interpretations of the Natives and the settlers are discussed (Richter 69-110). In the final chapters Richter observes the tensions between the Natives and the settlers, which have been accumulated in two separate historic creations – the world of the Indians and the world of the settlers. The most challenging concepts of the book are presented probably in the last chapter, which describes the clash between the Indian and the White ethnic identities. The Indian identity exists as an oppositional element in a world, already dominated by the settlers. In this sense Richter’s observation offers a historically sensitive and instrumentalist reading of one of the most disputed passages in American history. Perhaps his greatest contribution in this study is his ability to make the reader visualize historical events, and to question their depiction in conventional academic literature and fiction. Part II Seeing history from different perspectives is more than a projection of the past – it is a condition for understanding why the present looks the way it does. In this sense, retelling American history through the eyes of the Native people is important for understa nding it not only as a mixture of flat events, but as part of a broader historical tendency. By seeing history through the prism of the Native people, we gain a different perspective on their attempts to adapt their system of beliefs, social traditions and customs to the growing patterns of dominance, which were being established by the settlers. Richter raises this peculiar topic of adjustability in his observation

Financial statement analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Financial statement analysis - Essay Example The data included in the study was not fit to the standards. Therefore, the values of some ratios are misguiding and incorrect. The website (http://banker.thomsonib.com) provided some missing values that were the core reason for the incorrect and misguiding values. The competing firms were all listed on London Stock Exchange, and the values, therefore, are not entitled to be changed for currency and other issues. Dart Group PLC is operating as a leisure travel and a Distribution & Logistics group. The Company started its operations by providing delivery of flowers that were of every color and now are flying passengers through their fleet of aircrafts. The company is known for their speedy deliveries. The Group has expanded with three new businesses; the first division is the â€Å"Jet2.com† the business operates more than 150 routes locally. The bases are developed at seven northern United Kingdom Airports. The Company has a sister company named the â€Å"Jet2holidays† this company provides the hotel facilities in more than 50 cities and also in sun destinations. The third and final division named â€Å"Fowler Welch† in considered to be one of the leaders in fast supplies. The business provides the top supermarkets with the fast moving goods. The company grew gradually and stabled within the 40 years since the establishment. Dart Group PLC are recently engaged in the scheduled leisure to Mediterranean, this means that the company is expanding in the international market. The Company also provides packaged holidays as the company own the airlines Jet2.com and also is operating in the Holiday services under its division Jet2holidays. The products that are provided to the supermarkets are freshly produced, and the trucks of Fowler Welch are temperature controlled. The business is linked with the retailers, producers (farmers) and the importers in the market (Dart Group