Workplace Harassment - 4204 Words

An Analysis of Workplace Harassment and Bullying in Today’s Society Introduction Workplace harassment and bullying occurs when an employee subjects another employee to degrading behaviour, whether verbal abuse and threats or actual physical violence. It is an inappropriate expression of power that affects workers and their productivity in an unfavourable way (Spry, 1998). Management, and other types of employees, who occupy high-status roles sometimes believe that harassing their subordinates is within their rights and make demands of the lower-status employees (Langton, Robbins, Judge, 2010, p. 313). Harassment is often a result of stress, power, differences of opinion, undefined expectations of management, absent policies, and tasks†¦show more content†¦(Johns amp; Saks, 2008, p. 135) It has typically been thought of as a type of harassment that only women experience in the workplace; however, men can be victims of sexual harassment as well. Sexual harassment demeans its victims, whether female or male. A victim of sexual harassment can be anyone within an organization, although some individuals are more prone to victimization. For example, women within an organization who are highly educated, young, and seeking to move up within the ranks of the organization can be perceived by men as a threat and so are targeted (Mueller, De Coster, amp; Estes, 2001). The corporate culture in which individuals work can also influence who becomes a victim of sexual harassment. Women who work in male-dominated occupations or work-groups are more likely to be harassed than women who work in female-dominated or gender integrated occupations or work-groups (Mueller et al., 2001). Corporate cultures that are more open about sexual matters may become too lenient regarding this topic which can potentially lead to increased sexual harassment cases. It has beenShow MoreRelatedSexual Harassment And The Workplace Essay2278 Words   |  10 PagesDefinition of Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment in the workplace can take many different forms and affects both men and women in the workplace. Bill Clinton vs Monica Lewinsky/Paula Jones, Anita Hill v Clarence Thomas are a couple of the most famous sexual harassment cases in the U.S. Both of these cases involved political candidates and their staff, in both cases the public doubted the victim and their careers were forever tarnished due to reporting. However, sexual harassment does not have to beRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace Eva L. Mendez-Zacher MG260, Business Law I 28 September 2014 Dr. Anita Whitby Abstract I’m conducting a study on Sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment is possible in all social and economic classes, ethnic groups, jobs and places in the community. Through this study I hope to clarify the common misconception that sexual harassment is an isolated female problem. Although the majority of the cases reported are in fact male on femaleRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1396 Words   |  6 PagesEssay #3 Sexual harassment in the workplace has always been an issue, even before women were introduced into the working environment in the twentieth century. In recent years this issue may have become more publicized than before and not as overlooked as it used to be, but it unfortunately affects people all across the nation, both men and women alike. From that fast food chain where your kid is working at, to that fortune 500 company you’ve never heard of, it is happening. Over the last severalRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace963 Words   |  4 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace There are federal laws put in position to prevent sexual harassment in the workplace. 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Due to the larger number of cases presented in courts today, sexual harassment in the workplace continues toRead MoreSexual Harassment in Workplace8799 Words   |  36 Pagesincrease on awareness of sexual harassment at workplace, since the rising of sexual harassment practice at workplace. The rise of sexual harassment begun as females enters the workforce. A research conducted at UK, shows that around 60% of females at work and 90% of female undergraduates experiences sexual harassment (Wilson, 1995) Despite that, there are many cases of female who do not report on sexual harassment (Davidson and Cooper, 1993; Kingsmill, 1989) Known that workplace have become â€Å"home† for mostRead MoreSexual Harassment in the Workplace2294 Words   |  10 PagesSEXUAL HARASSMENT Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Business Ethics Philosophy Class 218 Sexual Harassment in the Workplace What is sexual harassment? 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Marketing Plan for MarryBrown - 2415 Words

MARRYBROWN RESTAURANT CHAIN INTRODUCTION Ms Ponnoraliza says that Marrybrown is Malaysian home-grown restaurant chain. Founded in 1981, they have more than 350 outlets serving fried chicken, burgers, finger food, desserts and drinks. Marrybrown has extended the menu that includes seafood, rice based tproducts, noodles and porridge and they also offer a famous local Malaysian dish: Nasi Lemak (offered as â€Å"Nasi Marrybrown†). The restaurant’s one of the biggest advantage is offering halal food, to dominate halal based countries, and preventing weak direct competition with some larger fast food chains. In the 1980s Marrybrown became the first fast food chain to franchise in Malaysia (Marry Brown). Marrybrown is the largest home-grown quick†¦show more content†¦In three years Marrybrown has also targeted to set up 15 outlets in Southern Thailand, while this year from June until December it aims to open 15 new outlets in Malaysia. For now, there are more than 400 Marrybrown outlets in Malaysia, China, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Tanzania, the United Arab Emirates, Kuw ABOUT THE COMPANY SWOT Analysis Malaysian based fast food chain started back in 1980s, Marrybrown is the nation’s largest fast food chain with 400 outlets in 11. Half of its outlets are in Malaysia and others in abroad. It is the only fast food chain that satisfies halal food customers (Marrybrown.com.my, 2012). Marrybrown serves the food at affordable price and is the first Malaysian fast food franchise in the country. Marrybrown’s core values are high quality food, fast service, clean environment and great value for money. Marrybrown is expanding internationally to become a global fast food industry. Soon it will open in Syria, Azerbaijan and Iran. Marrybrown has been awarded Malaysia International Home grown Franchise of The Year in the years of 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 and promising franchiser award in India. Strength a) High quality food b) Halal food c) Unique fast food concept-Marrybrown carries a unique concept which brings about a fun and exciting eat-out experience. d) Adaptability to the market. Weakness a) Niche target market b) Intense competition c) Competitors quality of products and services Opportunities a) Growing

Health Communication Breast Cancer Treatment

Question: Describe the Summary Analysis paper for Listening to women's narratives of breast cancer treatment and his analysis ? Answer: Communication This chapter of the book emphasizes the feminine approach to the patients satisfaction who are suffering from breast cancer (Ellingson and Patrice, 156). In this chapter, Patrice Buzzanell and Laura Ellingson retrieved womens stories about the treatment of breast cancer. This is a different approach to learn patient-physician communication. Physician-patient communication is considered as a single episode, which is quantitative and could be studied using health care personnel. The goal of this chapter is to voice the experience of the women who survived breast cancer and their satisfaction level while communicating with physicians. From the literature review, it is found that physician-patient communication today considered as the central concern. In the physician-patient communication, gender is helpful to shape the way of communication in a better way. The physician-patient interaction is directly affected by institutional, social, professional and sociocultural factors. In this st udy, 14 participants were chosen who were identified with breast cancer from 9 months to 7 years. The participants aged between 33-70 years (lived in rural/suburban areas). Initially, the participants were asked four primary questions, requesting the description of the physician and how they chose their physicians. Then the participants were recruited in different hospitals. All interviews were recorded and transcribed by the researchers. The researchers used both thematic and narrative analytical techniques to analyze the result. They independently read all the transcripts and managed to isolate common semantic concerns, phrases, and issues. Three main themes were found such as Respect, caring, and reassurance of expertise. These themes were helpful to structure the Womens stories about the physician-patient communication. References Ellingson, Laura L., and Patrice M. Buzzanell. "Listening to women's narratives of breast cancer treatment: A feminist approach to patient satisfaction with physician-patient communication."Health Communication11.2 (1999): 153-183.

The American Reaction To The Halocaust Essay Example For Students

The American Reaction To The Halocaust Essay In the years of the Second World War, American leaders were aware of the plan of the Germans to exterminate all the Jews in Europe, yet they did not act to save them. The attitude in society and the state of the economy in the years leading up to the war made for conditions that did not make saving them likely. Most Germans despised the Weimar Republic, which held control of Germany at the time they signed the Versailles Treaty. This treaty crippled Germany after they lost The First Great War. The proud Germans saw this republic as weak. Adolph Hitler, an Austrian born man of German lineage, claimed that the only true Germans were Aryans and that the Jewish influence in the Weimar Republic was the reason for their weakness. He published a famous propaganda novel entitled Mein Kampf, which helped to catapult him and his political party, the National Socialist German Workers Party, into power. (Barber)Hitler’s political position was simple: Germans were always right and the Jews were to blame for everything. After the outbreak of war by all the major powers of the world, Germany immediately turned a major part of their concern towards the extermination of the entire Jewish race. It began with the Einsatzgrupen, a special mobile unit of who moved behind frontline troops in the attacks o n Russia and Poland, whose sole purpose was to round up the local Jewish families and kill them. They dug massive graves intended for entire Jewish communities. Their victims were lined up, stripped naked and shot. One reporter observed that not every shot was fatal and the poor civilians were made to suffer in the pits till they were sufficiently buried alive by their own brethren. The first sweep of this unit between January and December of 1941 yielded about 500,000 Jewish deaths. The second rampage, which ranged from the fall of 1941 through 1942, took 900,000 Jewish lives. (Wyman)Even with such massive extermination the German leaders were unsatisfied and demanded a more efficient and permanent answer to the problem. The directive to exterminate all the Jews in Europe was issued on July 31, 1941. In December of that year, a law banning Jews from leaving any German territories was put into effect. Then finally, on January 20, 1942, Reinhard Heydrich came up with what was termed â€Å"the final solution to the of the Jewish question.† He proposed a plan to erect six camps built for killing large numbers of people. The Germans built six such camps in the two years to follow, Belzec, Majdanek, Treblinka, Sobibor, Auschwitz, and Chelmno. Chelmno was the first of the camps to be built. It used large trucks into which they crammed as many Jews as possible who choked on the trucks own exhaust fumes. Most of the other camps had permanent gas chambers, which killed by the fumes of a stationary engine. Although Auschwitz used Zyklon B, a type of hydrogen cyanide. These venues of death were host to over 3 million Jews who lost their lives. (Wyman)The conditions in the camps were so terrible that they drove the poor Jews who lived through it into madness. One such survivor published his experiences in a book entitled Night. Elie Weisel, the book’s author, reports of conditions so horrible that he lost his faith and his sense of humanity. Weisel and his w hole family are shipped to Auschwitz in railcars previously used to transport cattle. They were packed in so tight that many died on the journey. The weak were separated and killed immediately upon entering the camps. This often meant most women and all children. Weisel witnessed a pile where they were burning babies. The strong men who survived were put to work, Elie in an electrical-fitting factory. They were under the constant threat of â€Å"selections† in which the weak and sick were weeded out and put into the gas chambers. The prisoners got their only solace from their faith, Zionism, and the comfort of their fellow prisoners. However, long exposure to camp life often left some concerned only for their personal survival and became cruel and inhuman to the other Jews in the camp. (Weisel)How could the United States not respond to such horrible conditions? There were many factors that contributed to the decision not to help the quickly fading Jewish race. Germany blocked its borders to keep Jews from escaping and this problem was compounded by the fact that America had greatly reduced the number of immigrants they were allowing through their borders. During the Great Depression, Americans did not want foreigners coming in and competing for jobs. This fear created a total anti-alien attitude throughout society, which blended into anti-Semitism. .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c , .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c .postImageUrl , .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c , .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c:hover , .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c:visited , .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c:active { border:0!important; } .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c:active , .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u86298c43dca679e69986818067b3d46c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Five imporant events of the 19 Essay We will write a custom essay on The American Reaction To The Halocaust specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the years leading up to the war, the United States was in the midst of a depression. These internal struggles were another contributing factor to the US position not to act. The president had also decided to take a position of neutrality concerning the conflict abroad. Action against these camps would have been an act of war, which would have pulled the US into a conflict of which they did not want to be a part. Economic prosperity during the years of the war did not lessen the American’s xenophobia. Everyone feared that the depression would return after the conflict subsided and did not want foreign competition from the fleeing refugees. Veterans’ organizations such as the VWF (Veterans of Foreign Wars) wanted to ensure that there would be a job for every returning soldier. Even many members of congress were against refugee immigration and several bills were passed to lower quotas. (Wyman) Anti-Semitism also ran high in the United States in the decade leading up to the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Over a hundred anti-Semitic organizations were distributing hate propaganda. When the war started, leaders of these organizations such as William Dudley Pelley, who received 15 years for sedition, were punished after the United States entered the war. This did not stop the publications, which were now distributed in secret. Also, many gangs of teenagers began vandalizing Jewish cemeterie s and Synagogues with swastikas and other hate slogans. It was attitudes and conditions such as these which held the US government from acting in favor of the dying masses. It was not for lack of knowledge that US refused to act. The New York Times, The Seattle Times, and the Boston Globe were all running stories of the horror in Europe. Roosevelt gave an address to the effect that he felt sorrow for these peoples and planned to hold the criminals responsible but made no plans for action. At last, the War Refugee Board was formed to attempt to save some of the Jews. Most say that this was an action taken too late, that if it had been created a year earlier, it would have been much more effective. All in all, the Board was responsible for saving 200,000 lives. Being in the war did not further convince the US of their supposed obligation to help the Jews in the camps. They focused their efforts on the fighting and paid no attention to the genocide happening in the camps in Poland. When the decision was finally made to bomb Auschwitz in 1945, it was because the camp was used as a production center of synthetic oil and rubber. Anti-Alien, anti-Semitic, and restrictionist attitudes were all factors that contributed to the United States’ decision not to act in the face of such horrible murderous activity in Europe. All these factors combined with the American policy of neutrality and the weakened state of the economy made the US an unlikely source of salvation. History

Egyptair Flight 990-Informative Speech Essays - Brookhaven, New York

Egyptair Flight 990-Informative Speech Title: The Pilot or The Plane? General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform the audience of a plane crash that occurred a couple of weeks ago. I. Introduction A. (Attention Getter) Passengers on EgyptAir were beginning to get relaxed, take a quick nap, or drink a cup of coffee. All of a sudden, a big rumble on the plane occurs, passengers notice that their coffee mugs are beginning to spill, and their weight is beginning to be shifted. They then see that there overhead luggage is being tossed from their compartments to the other side of the plane. Everyone begins screaming, holding on to their seats, trying to buckle their seatbelts. As they look around, they see others being tossed around like a salad. They begin to feel weightless, they hear one last crash and then silence seizes the rest of their lives forever. B. (Reason to Listen) Flight 990 just recently went through this trauma and now that the black box was discovered, there are a few possibilities why the plane nose dived into the ocean in about twenty-eight seconds. Many people fly many different places everyday without knowing or thinking about what can happen up in the air, and with so many lives lost in plane crashes, there is no knowing which plane will be the next one. C. (Speaker Credibility) I have researched this article from Newsweek and have studied the pictures and diagrams thoroughly. I believe that with the information given, I am able to talk about this topic openly. D. (Thesis and Preview) Today I am going to speak about the significance of EgyptAir Flight 990, and the rapid descent that occurred that caused many lives to be lost. I will first talk about how the plane ended up 250 feet under the ocean, and second, I will speak about what happened to the pilots at the time of the descent and what could have occurred. II. Body A. Everything that occurred was noted on the black box, which tells in details what occurred in the cock pit of the plane. 1. The autopilot was disengaged deliberately by someone at 33,000 feet in then air. a. This something that is normally done when preparing to descend routinely or in case of an emergency. b. About 8 seconds after the autopilot was disengaged, someone made the plane face straight down with the ?nose? downward. c. Next, someone then decreased power in both of the two engines and then cut the power off completely. 2. There was no sign of trouble with the engines and no sign of why the engines were almost restarted. a. This could actually happen if the pilot was trying to restart the engine after dying, but there was no engine problems at the time. b. There was no call to air-traffic controllers to warn anyone about what was happening or if help was needed. Transition: With no warning to what was happening in the air, many conclusions are being considered. B. There are many thoughts to why the plane may have been positioned nose down and why the engines were shut off. 1. Some investigators think that this could have been a suicide attempt out of plain madness. 2. Other investigators along with some FBI think that there just have maybe been a struggle in the cockpit in the plane. 3. U.S. officials are working with the Egyptian government to ask family members and friends about the victims and as well as the pilots. Transition: With so many circumstances being considered, the FBI is being pushed away from investigations. C. The White House has declared that the FBI do not get too involved into the investigation until NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) investigators are through with their searches. 1. The NTSB did not want to have another fiasco like that which happened with the TWA 800 flight. a. With the TWA 800 flight, the FBI suspected that the plane crash was due to terrorist bombs or missiles. b. The NTSB wanted the least publicity possible for flight 990. 2. FBI officials are now angry with NTSB officials for not allowing them to look into the crash. a. FBI has been shut out of the analyzing of the flight recorder. b. They have even been pushed away from the podium by the NTSB during a press conference. 3. The NTSB is not yet through searching the waters for more clues. a. They have not yet found all the pieces of the plane. b. It is guessed that the pieces missing can be no bigger than the back of a chair. III. Conclusion A. (Summary and

The Influence Of Religion On Society Essays - Anti-Protestantism

The Influence Of Religion On Society Essays - Anti-Protestantism The Influence Of Religion On Society Ever since the dawn of the 16th Century, much of the European countries were controlled or greatly affected by reining religions. Throughout much of history, the dominating Roman Catholic Church was the major cause of battles and wars. This was especially a causing factor of the Thirty-Years War in Western Europe. Many rulers used religion as an excuse to disturb the peace and take control of another country. During those times, religions were used as force. Whenever the Emperor or Empress of a different belief inherits or steps into power, their whole country is officially under their religion. (Modern World History, Unit 2) The most significant religion change came when Henry VII of England wanted to divorce to have a boy. The pope denied this right, thus leaving him without a heir. Acting as a very desperate man, he banned the Catholic Church and became Protestant. (Modern World History, 51) Church is where everybody, poor and rich gather for a prayers. Sometimes people go to church for salvation and a passage to heaven. Unfortunately the Roman Catholic Church took advantage of those people, taking money from people to be forgiven by God. Indulgences occurred during the time of Pope Leo X whereas people paid large sums of money to the clergymen for the clergys own well being. Adding to the fact, popes of the Roman Catholic Church had the luxury of eating well, dressing well and hunting; which disturbed many people to see the head of the church act this way. This upset many people, thus lead to the Reformation. (Martin Luther: Saint and Sinner, 70) The Reformation, as it was know began when a scholar, Martin Luther saw follies of religious and moral deficiencies of certain sections of the clergy of the Holy Roman Empire in Germany in 1517. However, the reformation was much influenced by political and economic factors. The sale of indulgences to gain salvation gave large sums of money, most of which contributed to the wealth of the clergy. ( http://members.aol.com/RAToepfer/webdoc7x.htm) In the meanwhile, there was a growing reaction of princes and jurists against the materialism of the papacy and the growing wealth of the clergy in Germany. Action came about, the princes and jurists revolted changing their religion to Lutheranism. More so did it help the wealthy than the paupers did. (Martin Luther: Saint and Sinner, 134) The German nobles adopted the new ideas of the Lutheran doctrine that enabled them to appropriate Church property, challenging the authority of the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, thus challenging the right of ownership of land. The acquisition of land and church was synonymous. ( http://members.aol.com/RAToepfer/webdoc7x.htm) If the German noble was of Lutheran persuasion, it was then decreed that all of his subjects were Lutheran. Therefore, all of the tithe made by the subjects would be paid to the noble. In addition, churches and cathedrals that were formerly Catholic was confiscated, and became the property of the Nobles. All former Holy Roman church property, and all of the subjects, were gained as property of the Nobility, thus increasing their wealth and power. ( http://members.aol.com/RAToepfer/webdoc7x.htm) Meanwhile in the science community during 1564-1642, Galileo had found out that many previously held beliefs about nature to be false. One of the most important was that the universe revolved around the Earth. This brings Galileo into conflict with the Church because many of these deceits were part of church dogma. He denies that psychological knowledge can be studied scientifically thereby preventing the development of psychology. Galileo showed that several of Aristotle's truths to be false and, by using a telescope. He extended the known number of bodies in the solar system to 11. Galileo also argued that science could deal only with objective reality and that because human perceptions were subjective, they were outside the realm of science. The Church found this very disturbing, thus forced him to deny himself the truth and put him under house arrest. After 4 centuries, we have proved that Galileo was right. The Pope apologized sometime in the 1930s. (http://wizard.ucr.edu/kmcnei ll/psy575/15-1700.htm) In 1571 the pope called on all Catholic princes to take up arms against the Ottoman Empire. So King Philip II of Spain acted immediately sending two hundred

A small descriptive story Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A small descriptive story - Assignment Example quest to secure China’s territorial security from the Mongols, Emperor Qin Shu Huang led in the efforts of building the wall by uniting all leaders in the country. The Wall consists of fortifications and wall posts that are an amalgamation of heights, widths and construction materials. The defensive role of the Wall is evident through the crenulations that were used for surveying enemies and killing invaders by the soldiers. At certain points of the wall, visible reflections of China’s socio-cultural history are evident. A case in point is the Juyong pass that was constructed by a marble platform complete with sculptures of the four Heavenly deities. Furthermore, inscriptions of Buddhist incantations and 2000 sculptures are replicate on the wall. Despite, sections of the Great Wall giving way to wear and tear, much of it stands as a testament to China’s rich culture, military strength and architectural

The Benevolent Benjamin Franklin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Benevolent Benjamin Franklin - Essay Example Franklin had to learn at an early age to become an independent studier of academics, since books were quite rare and very expensive in this period in history, thus setting the foundation for his motivational prowess found later in life. Because of the aforementioned experiences, and many other exposures to diverse citizens in domestic and international society, Franklin began to understand the importance of virtue, character, integrity and the pursuit of securing the common welfare. Franklin eventually evolved into a highly-benevolent statesman who genuinely believed in the construction of ethical philosophy and the social promotion of self-improvement to better personal character. THE JOURNEY TOWARD SELF-IMPROVEMENT In Franklin’s autobiography, he continuously refers to situations that occurred throughout his lifetime that lay the foundation for his views on self-improvement, with considerable emphasis about the importance of divinity in establishing this principle. In 1756, Franklin was commissioned to take a leadership role in the construction of fortified structures for the military to ensure protection against growing Indian enemy threat. During these months, involving very difficult labor, Franklin witnessed what he referred to as â€Å"contemptible† management policy for workers (Eliot, 140), who had been charged with using axes and shovels to dig trenches and process lumber for fort construction. Franklin found that when men were gainfully employed, they were more jovial and willing to comply with management and laboring direction. During periods where there was limited work available, these same laborers would argue and complain due to these frustrations. The leadership of the fortification construction projects, rather than recognize laborer needs, would simply provide them with trivial grunt work as a means of satisfying the ongoing complaints. Through these observations, Franklin began to recognize the foundations of human nature and e ffective management which is more in-line with contemporary leadership philosophy about establishing relationships and providing satisfaction to laborers to improve productivity and commitment. Franklin seemed to recognize the imperative of searching for opportunities for self-improvement in terms of providing for the social and tangible welfare of others through these experiences. During this construction phase in Franklin’s life, he provides an example of where these realizations became apparent when discussing a lack of commitment by the aforementioned laborers for attending prayer services. Franklin offers to the project chaplain regarding the use of rum provisions as an incentive for regular and timely attendance of these services: "It is, perhaps, below the dignity of your profession to act as steward of the rum, but if you were to deal it out and only just after prayers, you would have them all about you." (Eliot, 141). Franklin believed that the volume of promises for incentive-based alcohol was not meeting with expected results for prayer attendance, since men inherently have gluttonous attitudes (this was apparent during periods where laborers were argumentative and dissatisfied). Franklin recognized that men required seeking self-improvement and that it is not always beneficial to provide abundance until the individual has sought emotional intelligence and self-reflection to monitor and control behaviors. Even though Franklin

Business and International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and International Law - Essay Example One of them is that a flag state must have an established maritime organization capable of enforcing all international and national regulations and secondly is that a flag state must be a member of International Maritime Organization (IMO) that adopt the IMO's maritime safety Resolutions and Conventions. Mr. and Mrs. Lowell boarded one of the Diversified Worldwide Industries Inc. DWI's Small cruise ships known as Minnow for a week long journey from Miami. The Minnow flied the flag of Liberia. They returned to their cabin one of the nights and found two ship employees removing cash and Mrs. Lowell jewellery from their luggage. This paper discusses my duty as the VP for Risk Management of Diversified Worldwide Industries Inc. It will discuss how I will develop knowledge and expertise in all areas of business law, consult with corporate and outside counsel on legal matters, advice the board as to available options to reduce or minimize the risk and liability of DWI in its ongoing activi ties Mr. and Mrs. Lowell boarded one of the Diversified Worldwide Industries Inc. DWI's Small cruise ships known as Minnow for a week long journey from Miami. The Minnow flied the flag of Liberia. They returned to their cabin one of the nights and found two ship employees removing cash and Mrs. Lowell jewellery from their luggage. Mr. This paper discusses my duty as the VP for Risk Management of Diversified Worldwide Industries Inc. It will discuss how I will develop knowledge and expertise in all areas of business law, consult with corporate and outside counsel on legal matters, advice the board as to available options to reduce or minimize the risk and liability of DWI in its ongoing activities Business and International Law Mr. and Mrs. Lowell boarded one of the Diversified Worldwide Industries Inc. DWI's Small cruise ships known as Minnow for a week long journey from Miami. The Minnow flied the flag of Liberia. They returned to their cabin one of the nights and found two ship employees removing cash and Mrs. Lowell jewellery from their luggage. Mr. Lowell struggled with the robbers until he collapsed and suffered a fatal heart attack in the process. Mrs. Lowell was later locked inside the cabin restroom as the robbers escaped. The ship docked in Grand Cayman a few hours later and the robbers escaped with the cash and the jewellery stolen from Lowell's'. Mrs. Lowell was rescued after the ship left Grand Cayman and she identified the two employees who robbed them in a photo line up. My duty as the VP for Risk Management I will develop knowledge and expertise in all areas of business law, consult with corporate and outside counsel on legal matters, advice the board as to available options to reduce or minimize the risk and liability of DWI in its ongoing activities Despite the fact that the DWI cruise had a "flag of convenience", it had to comply with SOLAS standards and other international conventions monitored by the port states and the flag. For this case, DWI should be aware that the flag state has a key responsibility of ensuring that the cruise has all the requirements and guidelines established internationally. An annual ship examination is required whereby the cruise is thoroughly inspected to ensure that its safety systems are operational. 1 The DWI ought to be aware that since its cruise had a "flag of convenient", they are governed by a regulatory agency of maritime experts that ensures that the shipping firm is compliant with the laws of commercial vessels that are registered in that country in areas of practices and operational procedures. (International Council of Cruise Line, 2006) DWI also ought to be aware that the interest of a small cruise like Minnow with a passenger capacity of 16 is represented by an International Council of Cruise Lines (ICCL) that serves as a consultative non governmental organization to the International Maritime Organization. Its aim as a trade association is to ensure there is development of regulatory and policy

Tourism Policy And Planning In Australia Tourism Essay

Tourism Policy And Planning In Australia Tourism Essay Tourism makes an important contribution to Australias export earnings. The objective of tourism marketing is not merely to increase international visitor arrivals, but primarily, to increase expenditure injected into Australia on goods and services purchased by tourists. Recently there has been an increased emphasis on the importance of enhancing Australias tourism yield by attracting visitors from high-spending markets (sited in the Australian Government 2004; Dwyer et al.2007). To market Australia as a tourist destination, Tourism Australia works closely with the travel industry, the Government and the State/Territories. The demand function for international tourism for a given destination may be expressed as a function of income, prices, and marketing expenditure. Australia has had one of the strongest performing economies of the world. Australia has an efficient government sector, a flexible labour market with a very competitive business sector. Such environment is a key driver o f tourism activity. The policy settings set by the government are designed to deliver a vibrant tourism industry that makes a strong contribution to the economy. In Australia tourism is increasingly seen as an instrument for sustaining indigenous communities, many of whom look to tourism for a better future. The Australian federal, State/Territory governments has sought to create tourism policies to facilitate market growth and product development in the indigenous sector. On 5 June 2003, the Federal government released a draft medium to long term strategy to help grow a sustainable Australian tourism industry and better position it against future shocks by making it more robust and flexible. Main key themes of the strategy include sustainable growth and diversification of the Australian tourism product, and a focus on business yield and niche markets. The shift from an emphasis on quantity to quality is important for reducing pressure on infrastructure, protecting the environment, encouraging diversification and product development and improving profitability in the industry. Australian environment is unique from the unspoilt beaches, tropical rainforests, rugged mountain ranges and vast tracts of desert. Some few examples of Australias natural wonders include the Great Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier Reef is as big as the total combined area of the UK and Ireland which contains more than 1,000 islands, from sandy bays to rainforest isles. The Wet Tro pics World Heritage Area Tropical North Queensland is the sort of place that someone would like to travel, it covers 900,000 hectares. The Uluru Ayers Rock is considered one of the great wonders of the world and one of the Australias most recognizable natural icons. Australians care about their unique environment such as sustainable tourism is an important factor in policy making. The Australian government is committed to and works closely with the tourism industry to deliver an environmentally sustainable and socially responsible tourism product. A significant contribution to tourism is made by cultural tourism. The experiences generated by Australian performances, visual arts and our heritage are unique. Australias National Tourism Policy the broad mission statement of Australias Federal government in relation to tourism policy is to contribute to Australias economic and social well being through the development of policies that achieve on internationally competitive tourism sector focused on sustainable growth. In the year 1998 a National Action Plan for Tourism was released by the Federal government to provide direction for tourism policy formulation and industry planning. Some of the key objectives of the Plan included developing potential new and emerging markets through targeted marketing strategies. Encouraging the development of efficient and competitive transportation networks, Fostering regional tourism development, enhancing industry standards and skill levels, improving the industrys information base, encouraging the conservation and preservation of Australias unique natural and cultural heritage, encouraging diversification of the industrys product base and reinforcing Australias image as a safe and friendly destination. The whole of the government approach pursued in Australia is intended to ensure a sound economic foundation that aims to create an optimum policy environment for tourism development. Community involvement is an important factor that is likely to significantly influence the sustainability of any tourism development. The involvement of locals in the planning and operational stages can ensure that development will be socially and environmentally responsible and that resulting impacts will be perceived as appropriate by the host community. Tourism businesses in Australia will continue to face a range of short- and long- term external shocks and challenges in major climate change reports. Climate change is an example of a material threat to Australias tourism industry. The Australian government should try controlling the number of visitors arriving in Kakadu Park which is a World Heritage site, the government can either do so by limiting numbers to match capacity rather than having the tourists concentrated in time in a focused tourist season. The Australian government realized in 1990s that tourism was affecting wildlife in the park. A number of bird species includin g red-winged parrots, sulphur coackatoos and shiny flycatchers were recorded as being highly disturbed when tourist boats passed them. Most activities done at the Great Barrier Reef which is made up of some 600 islands, 300 cay (reef islands) and almost 300 submerged reefs. The chef activity on the reef is scuba diving and snorkelling. There is increase in environmental impacts by these human activities which include physical destruction of reefs by anchors and divers feet and hands. Divers can even cause damage to the coral merely by resting on it, as it so sensitive. Some boats end up polluting the water by releasing sewage, furthermore divers feed or touch fish which leads to the modification of fish behavior. The Australian government should have a pandemic preparedness and planning for the Australian Tourism Industry for example an influenza pandemic in Australia would be unlike any other modern disaster and would create new challenges for communities and business that operate within them. Should an influenza pandemic emerge, the tourism industry is likely to be impacted by temporary measures to prevent its tra nsmission and spread, such as restrictions on travel, closer of public places, reduced consumer confidence. My personal critique of the policies are by developing potential new emerging markets through targeted marketing strategies the Australian government should try improving their international marketing strategies and effectiveness through a greater focus on regional dispersal and by freshing and enhancing the brand Australia. Encouraging the development of efficient and competitive transportation networks can only work if the government helps to facilitate the development and growth of sustainable air, sea and land transport services and key tourism infrastructure. Fostering regional tourism development can be achieved by supporting domestic tourism marketing and doing promotions, which include regional promotions by advertising in the newspapers or television. The policy of enhancing the industry standards and skills levels can be achieved by the government ensuring training delivers skills appropriate for the tourism workforce and businesses and promote improved productivity. Improving the industrys information base can be achieved by improving tourism information, research and forecasts to more effectively serve the needs of industry and government. Encouraging the conservation and preservation of Australias unique natural and cultural heritage policy can be a success if only the Ministry of Tourism in Australia improves Australian knowledge of Australia by encouraging domestic travel. A healthy tourism sector contributes to the economic and social well being of Australians. Major policy challenges for the future include coordination of all levels of government working towards an agreed framework between the various levels of government on the national coordination of tourism development will assist in clarifying the roles and responsibilities between the different levels of government.

Primary Reasons of Poverty of the Philippines

Official poverty statistics in the Philippines are part of the System of Designated Statistics instituted and implemented by the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) pursuant to Executive Order No. 352 signed on 01 July 1996. Based on policies approved by the NSCB, official poverty statistics consist of the food and poverty thresholds, the subsistence and poverty incidence, the income gap, the poverty gap, and the severity of poverty index. The estimates of subsistence and poverty incidence are expressed in terms of proportion of families and of the population.Prior to 2000, the income gap, poverty gap and the severity of poverty index as well as the annual food and poverty thresholds were not part of the official poverty statistics. Under NSCB Board Resolution No. 9 Series of 2000, these statistics were added to the official poverty statistics designated to the NSCB under E. O. 352. Moreover, prior to 2003, the official poverty statistics were being generated only at the n ational and regional levels with urban-rural disaggregation. In response to user need for provincial disaggregation of poverty statistics, NSCB Resolution No.  1 Series of 2003 was passed on 15 January 2003, approving a methodology for the compilation of official poverty statistics.This methodology underwent a series of discussions thru workshops, interagency meetings and users’ fora before it was approved by the NSCB. The initial efforts of the NSCB for the development of the methodology were undertaken in 1999 as part of the NSCB involvement in the â€Å"Development of an Integrated Poverty Monitoring and Indicator System Project†, a module of the UNDP-assisted project â€Å"Strengthening Institutional Mechanisms for the Convergence of Poverty Alleviation Efforts, Phase I†, which was implemented by NEDA.Except for the food and poverty thresholds that are estimated annually, the other official poverty statistics are estimated every three years after the resul ts of the Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES) of the National Statistics Office (NSO) have become available. The FIES is a nationwide survey of households undertaken to gather data on the income and expenditures of Filipino families.

Vague and Ambiguous

One main task of critical thinking is to identify these linguistic pitfalls. Let us start with the first major pitfall – obscurity. â€Å"Obscurity† here refers to unclear meaning. A concept or a linguistic expression can be unclear for various reasons. One reason is that it might be  ambiguous, i. e. having more than one meaning. The other reason is that it might be  vague. A term is said to be vague if there are borderline cases where it is indeterminate as to whether it applies or not.Finally, a term might also have an unclear meaning in that its meaning is  incomplete. Let us look at these cases one by one.  § M08. 1 Ambiguity There are actually different kinds of ambiguity: Lexical ambiguity This is a single word or term having more than one meaning in the language. For example, the word â€Å"deep† can mean profoundity (â€Å"What you have said is very deep. â€Å"), or it can be used to describe physical depth (â€Å"This hole is very deep†). Similarly for words like â€Å"young† (inexperienced or young of age), â€Å"bank† (river bank or financial institution), etc. Referential ambiguity It is not clear which thing or group is being referred to.This often arises when the context does not make it clear what a pronoun or quantifier is referring to. â€Å"Ally hit Georgia and then she started bleeding. † Who is hurt? Ally or Georgia? â€Å"Everybody is coming to the party. † Certainly â€Å"everybody† does not refer to every human being in the whole world. But then which group of people are we talking about? Of course in normal situations the speaker usually has some specific group of people in mind. Many people like to make very general statements, such as â€Å"All politicians are corrupt†. Literally, this statement implies that there is no politician who is not corrupted.But of course we can think of many counterexamples to such a claim. So the person who makes the statement might say â€Å"I don't really mean each and every politician. † But then who exactly are the people referred to? Syntactic ambiguity This means having more than one meaning because there is more than one way to interpret the grammatical structure. This can happen even when it is clear what the meanings of the individual words are. â€Å"We shall be discussing violence on TV. † – It might mean the discussion will be conducted during a television programme, or it might mean  violence on TV  is the topic to be discussed.When dealing with ambiguous language the thing to do is of course to clarify the meaning of the expression, for example by listing out all the different possible interpretations. This process of removing ambiguity is call â€Å"disambiguation†.  § M08. 2 Vagueness An term is  vague  if it has an imprecise boundary. This means that there are cases where it is indeterminate whether the term applies or not. For example, a small but c losed room with no windows or doors and no light inside is certain dark. If we switch on a 100W lightbulbs inside it will become bright.But we turn on the dimmer for the light and dim the light slowly until it goes out, then the room will gradually change from a bright room to a dark one. But there is no precise point at which the room suddenly ceases to be bright. Similarly, there is no precise point at which the room suddenly becomes dark. The terms â€Å"dark† and â€Å"bright† do not have clear boundaries of applications in this situation, and we say that these terms are vague. The term â€Å"a tall person† is also vague in that there are certain cases where it is hard to say whether a person is tall or not, but this indecision is not due to lack of knowledge about that person's height.You might know exactly how tall that person is, but still you don't know whether he is tall or not. This is because the meaning of the term is not precise enough. Other exampl es of vague terms : â€Å"heavy†, â€Å"dark†, â€Å"mountain†, â€Å"clever†, â€Å"cheap†. Notice that  we should make a distinction between vagueness and ambiguity. A word can be vague even though it is not ambiguous, and an ambiguous term having more than one meaning would not be said to be vague if the different meanings it has are very precise. Vague terms can be useful in everyday life  because often we do not have to be too precise.How precise we should be depends of course on the context. A form of (bad) argument about vagueness which we often encounter : â€Å"There is really no difference between X and Y because it is often quite unclear whether something is X or Y. † Example : â€Å"There is really no such thing as objective truth or falsity. Whether something is true or false is often hard to say. † This is a bad argument because even though a distinction might have borderline cases, it does not follow that the distin ction is not real. For example, it might sometimes be unclear whether a room is dark or bright.But (a) there is still a real distinction between dark and bright rooms, and (b) there can be clear cases where we have one but not the other. Vagueness should be avoided when we want to speak precisely, as vagueness decreases the informational content of a claim. For example, compare these sentences : â€Å"He is quite old, actually exactly eighty years old. † â€Å"He is quite old, actually about eighty years old. † â€Å"He is quite old. † Many students often like to ask questions such as : â€Å"Is there going to be a lot of homework for this course? † â€Å"Is the final exam going to be difficult? â€Å"But of course words like â€Å"difficult† and â€Å"a lot† are vague. Vague terms can make a claim vague and impossible to confirm or disprove. Horoscope predictions for example : â€Å"Be prepared for a change of direction this week as some thing crops up. † – SCMP Sunday Post Magazine. â€Å"This piece of news is going to affect the market somewhat. † But of course one might try to use vagueness to one's advantage in order to be non-committal or imprecise. â€Å"As a minister I agree that to some extent I am responsible. † â€Å"The government will deal with this problem in an appropriate manner when the right time comes. †  § M08. Incomplete Meaning A term has an  incomplete meaning  if the property or relation it expresses depends on some further parameter to be specified by the context, either explicitly or implicitly. This includes terms such as â€Å"useful†, â€Å"important†, â€Å"similar† and â€Å"better†. Practically all objects are useful and important only in some respects but not others. For example, is love more important than money? Well, it depends. If you are starving to death, then money is more important. But if you are trying to de termine which of the two contributes more to a happy and fulfilling life, then the answer might be different.So just saying that something is useful or important is empty unless it is made clear in what way it is so. This is also necessary if we want to evaluate whether what is said is true or not. â€Å"The education director shall visit Scotland to study their educational system because it is similar to the one in Hong Kong. † â€Å"Will this year's final exam be similar to the one last year? † â€Å"It is better to be beautiful than to be good. But . . . it is better to be good than to be ugly. † –   Oscar Wilde (1854 – 1900) â€Å"Art never improves, but . . . the material of art is never quite the same. † –   T. S. Eliot (1888 – 1965)

Timeline of Women in Flight

Timeline of Women in Flight 1784 - Elisabeth Thible becomes the first woman to fly in a hot air balloon 1798 - Jeanne Labrosse is the first woman to solo in a balloon 1809 - Marie Madeleine Sophie Blanchard becomes the first woman to lose her life while flying - she was watching fireworks in her hydrogen balloon 1851 - Mademoiselle Delon ascends in a balloon in Philadelphia 1880 - July 4 - Mary Myers is the first American woman to solo in a balloon 1903 - Aida de Acosta is the first woman to solo in a dirigible (a motorized aircraft) 1906 - E. Lillian Todd is the first woman to design and build an airplane, though it never flew 1908 - Madame Therese Peltier is the first woman to fly an airplane solo 1908 - Edith Berg is the first woman airplane passenger (she was a European business manager for the Wright Brothers) 1910 - Baroness Raymonde de la Roche obtains a license from the Aero Club of France, the first woman in the world to earn a pilots license 1910 - September 2 - Blanche Stuart Scott, without permission or knowledge of Glenn Curtiss, the airplanes owner and builder, removes a small wood wedge and is able to get the airplane airborne without any flying lessons thus becoming the first American woman to pilot an airplane 1910 - October 13 - Bessica Raiches flight qualifies her, for some, as the first woman pilot in America because some discount the flight of Scott as accidental and therefore deny her this credit 1911 - August 11 - Harriet Quimby becomes the first American woman licensed pilot, with flight license number 37 from the Aero Club of America 1911 - September 4 - Harriet Quimby becomes the first woman to fly at night 1912 - April 16 - Harriet Quimby becomes the first woman to pilot her own aircraft across the English Channel 1913 - Alys McKey Bryant is the first woman pilot in Canada 1916 - Ruth Law sets two American records flying from Chicago to New York 1918 - The US postmaster general approves the appointment of Marjorie Stinson as the first female airmail pilot 1919 -  Harriette Harmon becomes the first female ever to fly from Washington D.C. to New York City as a passenger.   1919  - Baroness Raymonde de la Roche, who in 1910 was the first woman to earn a pilots license, set an altitude record for women of 4,785 meters or 15,700 feet 1919 - Ruth Law becomes the first person to fly air mail in the Philippines 1921 - Adrienne Bolland is the first woman to fly over the Andes 1921 - Bessie Coleman becomes the first African American, male or female, to earn a pilots license 1922 - Lillian Gatlin is the first woman to fly across America as a passenger 1928 - June 17 - Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Lou Gordon and Wilmer Stultz did most of the flying 1929 - August - first Womens Air Derby is held, and Louise Thaden wins, Gladys ODonnell takes second place and Amelia Earhart takes third 1929 - Florence Lowe Barnes - Pancho Barnes - becomes the first woman stunt pilot in motion pictures (in Hells Angels) 1929 - Amelia Earhart becomes the first president of the Ninety-Nines, an organization of women pilots 1930 - May 5-24 - Amy Johnson becomes the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia 1930 - Anne Morrow Lindbergh becomes the first woman to earn a glider pilot license 1931 - Ruth Nichols fails in her attempt to fly solo across the Atlantic, but she breaks the world distance record flying from California to Kentucky 1931 - Katherine Cheung becomes the first woman of Chinese ancestry to earn a pilots license 1932 - May 20-21 - Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic 1932 - Ruthy Tu becomes the first woman pilot in the Chinese Army 1934 - Helen Richey becomes the first woman pilot hired by a regularly scheduled airline, Central Airlines 1934 - Jean Batten is the first woman to fly round trip England to Australia 1935 - January 11-23 - Amelia Earhart is the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to the American mainland 1936 - Beryl Markham becomes the first woman to fly across the Atlantic east to west 1936 - Louise Thaden and Blanche Noyes beat male pilots also entered in the Bendix Trophy Race, the first victory of women over men in a race which both men and women could enter 1937 - July 2 - Amelia Earhart lost over Pacific 1937 - Hanna Reitsch was the first woman to cross the Alps in a glider 1938 - Hanna Reitsch becomes the first woman to fly a helicopter and the first woman to be licensed as a helicopter pilot 1939 - Willa Brown, first African American commercial pilot and first African American woman officer in the Civil Air Patrol, helps form the National Airmens Association of America to help open up the U.S. Armed Forces to African American men 1939 - January 5 - Amelia Earhart declared legally dead 1939 - September 15 - Jacqueline Cochran sets an international speed record; the same year, she is the first woman to make a blind landing 1941 - July 1 - Jacqueline Cochrane is the first woman to ferry a bomber across the Atlantic 1941 - Marina Raskova appointed by Soviet Union high command to organize regiments of women pilots, one of which is later called the Night Witches 1942 - Nancy Harkness Love and Jackie Cochran organize women flying units and training detachments 1943 - Women make up more than 30% of the workforce in the aviation industry 1943 - Loves and Cochrans units are merged into the Women Airforce Service Pilots and Jackie Cochran becomes the Director of Women Pilots those in WASP flew more than 60 million miles before the program ended in December 1944, with only 38 lives lost of 1830 volunteers and 1074 graduates these pilots were seen as civilians and were only recognized as military personnel in 1977 1944 - German pilot Hanna Reitsch was the first woman to pilot a jet aircraft 1944 - WASP (Women Airforce Service Pilots) disbanded; the women were given no benefits for their service 1945 - Melitta Schiller is awarded the Iron Cross and Military Flight Badge in Germany 1945 - Valà ©rie Andrà © of the French Army in Indochina, a neurosurgeon, was the first woman to fly a helicopter in combat 1949  - Richarda Morrow-Tait landed in Croydon, England, after her round-the-world flight, with navigator Michael Townsend, the first such flight for a woman it took one year and one day with a 7 week stop in India to replace the planes engine and 8 months  in Alaska to raise funds to replace her plane 1953 - Jacqueline (Jackie) Cochran becomes the first woman to break the sound barrier 1964 - March 19 - Geraldine (Jerrie) Mock of Columbus, Ohio, is the first woman to pilot a plane solo around the world (The Spirit of Columbus, a single-engine plane) 1973 - January 29 - Emily Howell Warner is the first woman working as a pilot for a commercial airline (Frontier Airlines) 1973 - U.S. Navy announces pilot training for women 1974 - Mary Barr becomes the first woman pilot with the Forest Service 1974 - June 4 - Sally Murphy is the first woman to qualify as an aviator with the U.S. Army 1977 - November - Congress passes a bill recognizing WASP pilots of World War II as military personnel, and President Jimmy Carter signs the bill into law 1978 - International Society of Women Airline pilots formed 1980 - Lynn Rippelmeyer becomes the first woman to pilot a Boeing 747 1984 - on July 18, Beverly Burns becomes the first woman to captain a 747 cross country, and Lynn Rippelmeyer becomes the first woman to captain a 747 across the Atlantic sharing the honor, thereby, of being the first female 747 captains 1987 - Kamin Bell became the first African American woman Navy helicopter pilot (February 13) 1994 - Vicki Van Meter is the youngest pilot (to that date) to fly across the Atlantic in a Cessna 210 - she is 12 years old at the time of the flight 1994 - April 21 - Jackie Parker becomes the first woman to qualify to fly an F-16 combat plane 2001 - Polly Vacher becomes the first woman to fly around the world in a small plane - she flies from England to England on a route that includes Australia 2012 - Women who flew as part of WASP in World War II (Women Airforce Service Pilots) are given the Congressional Gold Medal in the United States, with over 250 women attending 2012 - Liu Yang becomes the first woman launched by China into space. 2016 - Wang Zheng (Julie Wang) is the first person from China to fly a single-engine plane around the world This timeline  © Jone Johnson Lewis.

Presentation Evaluation Criteria Research Paper Example

Presentation Evaluation Criteria Research Paper Example Presentation Evaluation Criteria Paper Presentation Evaluation Criteria Paper Ends with an accurate conclusion showing thoughtful, strong evaluation of the evidence presented. Delivered presentation to the instructor 1 week prior to scheduled time. Generally well organized. Introduces the purpose of the presentation clearly. Include transitions to connect key points but better transitions from idea to idea are noted. Most information presented in logical sequence; A few minor points may be confusing Ends with a summary of main points showing some evaluation of the evidence presented. Delivered presentation to the instructor week prior to scheduled time. Somewhat organized. Introduces the purpose of the presentation Includes some transitions to connect key points but there is difficulty in following presentation. Student jumps around topics. Several points are confusing. Ends with a summary or conclusion; little evidence of evaluating content based on Evidence. Did not provide presentation to instructor prior to scheduled time. Poor or non existent organization. Does not clearly introduce the purpose Of the presentation Uses ineffective transitions that rarely connect points; cannot understand reservation because there is no sequence for information. Presentation is choppy and disjointed; no apparent logical order of presentation. Ends without a summary or conclusion. Unacceptable Content: Depth and Accuracy Content Speaker provides an accurate and complete explanation of key concepts and theories, drawing upon relevant literature. Applications of theory are included to illuminate issues. Provides evidence of extensive and valid research with multiple (you provide number) and varied sources. Combines and evaluates existing ideas to form new insights. Information completely accurate; all names and facts were precise and explicit Level of presentation is appropriate for the audience. For the most part, explanations of concepts and theories are accurate and complete. Some helpful applications of theory are included. Presents evidence of valid research with multiple sources. Combines existing ideas to form new insights. No significant errors are made; a few inconsistencies or errors in information. Bevel of presentation is generally appropriate. Explanations of concepts and/or theories are inaccurate or incomplete. Little attempt is made to tie in theory. There is a great deal of information that is not connected to the presentation thesis. Presents evidence of research with sources. Combines existing ideas. Enough errors are made to distract a knowledgeable listener, but some information is accurate. Portions of presentation are too elementary or too sophisticated for audience. No reference is made to literature or theory. Thesis not clear; information included that does not support thesis in any way. Presents little or no evidence Of valid research. Shows little evidence of the combination of ideas. Information included is sufficiently inaccurate that the listener cannot depend on the presentation as a source of accurate information. Presentation consistently is too elementary or too sophisticated for the Research Effort Went above and beyond to research information; solicited material in addition to what was provided; brought in personal ideas and information to enhance project; and utilized more than eight types of resources to make project effective. Did a very good job of researching; utilized materials revived to their full potential; solicited more than six types of research to enhance project; at times took the initiative to find information outside Of school. Used the material provided in an acceptable manner, but did not consult any additional resources. Did not utilize resources effectively; did little or no fact gathering on the topic. Creativity Uses the unexpected to full advantage; very original, clever, and creative approach that captures audiences attention. Some originality apparent; clever at times; good variety and blending of materials/media. Little or no aeration; a few original touches but for the most part material presented with little originality or interpretation. Bland, predictable, and lacked zip. Repetitive with little or no variety; little creative energy used. Use of Communication Aids Graphics are designed reinforce presentation thesis and maximize audience understanding; use of media is varied and appropriate with media not being added simply for the sake of use. Visual aids were colorful and large enough to be Seen by all even those in back of the class. Media are prepared in a professional manner. Details are minimized so that main points stand out. While graphics relate and aid presentation thesis, these media are not as varied and not as well connected to presentation thesis. Font size is appropriate for reading. Appropriate information is prepared. Some material is not supported by visual aids, I. E. , too much text. Occasional use of graphics that rarely support presentation thesis; visual aids were not colorful or clear Choppy, time wasting use of multimedia; lacks smooth transition from one medium to another. Font is too small to be easily seen.

Cultural Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cultural Anthropology - Essay Example Sir Edward Taylor gave one of the earliest definitions of anthropology as â€Å"A culture or a civilization is a complicated package which includes knowledge, ideas, beliefs, morals, values, style of living and any other capabilities acquired by a human being when he becomes a member of any society.† Cultural Anthropology is supported by ethnography (Ethno meaning people graphy meaning writing). Whatever data is collected by anthropologists through observations, interviews, questionnaires; it is captured by â€Å"writing† it. This â€Å"writing† is very similar to the field studies or case reports which we make these days. These â€Å"writings† are used to describe the human societies, their cultures, their style of living, customs, languages, food, marriages etc. Ethnography is the backbone of cultural anthropology. Without the written descriptions of civilizations and human societies, it would be impossible for the future generations to learn of a particular cultural/nation or society that existed in the past. There are various ways through which an anthropologist can collect data for ethnography. The most common and the easiest way to collect data is by observing the participants. Anthropologists often study different human societies by living with the participants and observing them. Another common method often used by anthropologists is by interviewing the people of a society. Interviews can vary between small peep talks with the citizens or can involve long detailed conversation covering various topics.The third method is by asking the participants to fill in the questionnaires.

Enterprise system Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Enterprise system - Assignment Example Peet’s coffee and tea had challenges managing their customer needs, finances and raw materials but all that changed with the implementation of the Enterprise Resource Planning system. The company is in a better position to guarantee quality Coffee and Tea products, managing finances better and having a competitive edge over its competitors. Businesses have been availed the Enterprise Resource Planning systems that make their work very easy in managing their customer needs, while maintaining the quality of products and services customers look for, as they grow and expand their customer base leading to high sales and profitability which is the dream of every business. Peet’s Coffee and Tea History Peet’s Coffee and Tea was founded in 1966 by Arthur Peet in Berkley California. Peet was a Dutch Immigrant who believed in absolute quality compared to quantity. In that case, he always insisted on maintaining good quality for the coffee and Tea he roasted in this company . Arthur Pete insisted on getting the best coffee there is in the world, import it and control its production to end up with a high quality product. Tasting for the coffee was done with absolute precision to maintain the quality established in the initial days. Peet believed in direct delivery to maintain the quality of the coffee. ... His coffee received mixed views from the first customers when he introduced it. While some claimed that the coffee smelt burnt, others appreciated the dark well blend quality coffee Peet introduced. Within no time, Peet’s coffee became popular among students, musicians, writers, artists and practically everyone in within the region. His coffee became so popular that some experts related the group of Peet’s coffee lovers to a cult. It was not well understood what was with his coffee and more and more people joined the club of taking and loving his coffee. This necessitated the opening of the second coffee shop which opened at Menlo Park. He opened the third outlet at Domingo Avenue in 1980. Three years later, Arthur Peet sold Peet’s Coffee and Tea for unknown reasons to Jerry Baldwin, who had founded Starbucks the same year with two other partners (International Directory of Company Histories, 2001). Baldwin also insisted on quality and went ahead to spread Peetâ €™s business principle of quality and not quantity. Baldwin continued with Starbucks and the performance of the venture surprised them. Within no time, they were opening their third store due to popularity of their coffee. Three years later in 1987, Baldwin sold Starbucks interestingly, to a former employee of Peet, Howard Schultz. The reasons for Baldwin selling Starbucks are not well known but is claimed that he stated that Starbucks was not as good as Peet’s Coffee and Tea. Peet’s Coffee and Tea was conservative in some ways and was not looking for expansion like Starbucks, which went on an expansion campaign from the 1980s. Rather, Peet’s coffee and Tea was looking for reputation among customers and the only way that would be

Why some students cheats Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why some students cheats - Essay Example Similarly, students who cheat on academic work do so because they feel the pressures of such an environment, and, lacking the means to pass the grade by their own skills and knowledge alone, they depend upon an unfair advantage to help them. Because of this, the rationale behind cheating is deeply embedded in human and animal nature, and the operations of the education system. The education system does not exist to â€Å"enlighten† its students. Ideally, however, it does offer students what they will need in life, and the opportunity to seek those goals. Post-secondary education institutions market their product instead by stressing class differences and distinctions between those who have a degree and those who do not. The requirements of a typical University often make personal success contingent upon one’s ability to conform to the expectations and needs of the department. It is the expectations of the college department which move students to try their hand at cheating. They do so in an effort to avoid falling behind and potentially losing their chance to move further into the course of study they found themselves on. This fear is based on economics and personal expectations (those of the student, his parents, and faculty). Ubiquitous access to the internet is often cited as the cause of a large volume of academic dishonesty. But although the internet is a necessary cause, it is not sufficient. While the internet has made cheating a more efficient process for students, it has not made irrelevant the more fundamental reasons for students to decide to cheat. The root cause of most cheating is, as I have already identified, unrealistic expectations on the part of parents, teachers, and faculty. These individuals provide the selection pressures on the cheater and make it such that if he or she does not cheat, he or she will be selected against and not allowed to move on. This cheating is seen as â€Å"natural† precisely because it is: all

Addiction for Plastic Surgeries Essay Example for Free

Addiction for Plastic Surgeries Essay Plastic surgery is a medical field that deals with reshaping some body deformities that may have occurred due to birth defects or accidents. It is also used for other purposes such as treating diseases and beauty purposes. An example of a disease which can be treated through plastic surgery is melanoma. If plastic surgery is carried out for younger looks or beauty purposes, it is referred to as cosmetic surgery. This paper will directly address the issue of cosmetic surgery since it is what has caused plastic surgeries addiction all over the world. See more: Recruitment and selection process essay Cosmetic surgeries are never related to any medical condition and are normally done to enhance the physical appearance of an individual. Cosmetic surgery addicts are easily identifiable due to the numerous surgeries they undergo each time claiming that they are not happy with their looks. Many victims of cosmetic surgery suffer from a medical condition known as Body Dimorphic Disorder (BDD). This mental disorder has made people imagine that they look different from others and there is a need for surgery so that they can improve their looks. Discussion Cosmetic surgery is a major problem today as a number of people who are addicted to it are doing it repeatedly in order to achieve their imaginary beauty. This practice is becoming frequent and in many instances it is affecting women as they try to change and improve their physical appearances. The problem with such kind of people only exists in their mind because it is hard to view yourself as being ugly from others, it is only a perception. If you view yourself as being ugly from others, the problem will never end even if you undergo so many plastic surgeries. This perception will directly influence the level of your happiness and accepting yourself the way you are. The practices of undergoing plastic surgery repeatedly in order to feel happy and look like the ones you view as more beautiful than yourself is what doctors refer to as BDD. This condition normally affects both male and females under the age of 18 equally (Gorbis, 2003). People suffering from BDD use plastic surgery as a solution to their unending dissatisfaction with their body physical appearance (Gorbis, 2003). Almost all people who suffer from BDD seek solution to cosmetic surgery. As a surgeon, you should be able to discover someone suffering from this medical condition and recommend him/her to a psychologist. Any invention has both positive and negative sides but plastic surgery addiction would cause more harm to the body compared to the benefits associated with it. For instance, it can damage the skin and muscle tissue of an individual permanently. Another well-known harm caused by plastic surgery addiction is the permanent nerve damage. This may result to permanent loss of feeling and sensation in all the affected areas of an individual who have undergone plastic surgery repeatedly. Many individuals who undergo plastic surgery repeatedly to perfect their physical appearances in most cases end up with irreversible damage that make them look awful compared to their original appearances. Plastic surgery addiction cause more harm to the physical appearance of people with BDD instead of enhancing it. People suffering from BDD undergo plastic surgery so that they can attract attention from the public. They later regret when things go wrong. This is an indication that it should be discouraged and people suffering from BDD should be referred to a Psychiatrist or psychologist instead of a surgeon. Plastic surgery is not cost friendly at all. The operation is very expensive and its outcomes are sometimes not worth the price. What the addicted victims fail to understand is that, plastic surgery operation can only result to two things. That is, a great success or a failure. This means that, the more operations you undergo, the higher the risk of failure (Pruitt, 2009). Many individuals who are addicted to plastic surgery are attracted by what they see in the media. They watch successful surgeries of famous celebrities and think that it might as well work on. This is not usually the case and the individuals we watch on the media having successful surgeries sometimes develop problems at a later date. Plastic surgery addiction is very different from drugs and other things addiction in that it fulfills people physiological needs. Therefore, it is normally difficult for individuals who are not satisfied with their physical appearance to stop plastic surgery. This is something they are viewing in the mirror now and then. If they are not satisfied with what they see, they will definitely run to a surgeon so that the body part they feel is not well placed can be rectified. The problem with such an individual is that he/she is likely not to be satisfied with many body parts. Thus, resulting to a series of plastic surgeries so as to be satisfied with his/her physical appearance. In my opinion, I would only recommend plastic surgery to individuals who have a medical problem. I would never encourage cosmetic surgery because it is doing more harm than enhancing appearance of individuals who are undertaking it. Most people who are addicted to cosmetic surgeries perceive themselves in the wrong manner. They normally have their imaginary images on their minds which they think they can turn to after the operation. This normally does not happen and that is why they undergo so many operations before they realize they are destroying their images. Plastic surgery should only be carried out under medical conditions not for pleasure. Pictures are all over the internet showing how plastic surgery addiction has caused a number of celebrities to lose their good looks. Cosmetic surgery is not good at all because it has not worked well for people who have done it. They are suffering from negative impacts of plastic surgery addiction. It should be therefore be discouraged unless under medical conditions. Conclusion Plastic surgery is not bad if it is used for solving a medical condition. However, having a plastic surgery for beauty purposes or look young should be discouraged by all means. It should be discouraged because it might possibly lead to addiction. Physicians as well as public awareness concerning BDD should be increased to control the unnecessary plastic surgeries. Doctors should also try their best to identify troubled patients so that they can direct them to psychologist or psychiatrist who can advise them. There are other treatments other than surgeries which can help people who have problems with their physical appearance. Psychologist and psychiatrists can really assist individuals with plastic surgeries addiction. The only problem to the control of this addiction is that cosmetic and plastic surgery is so accessible and doctors have not provided a regulation on the number of surgeries an individual should undergo in a given period.

Presentation on Anti-Malaria Mosquitoes Essay -- Powerpoint Presentatio

The Malaria Protozoan parasite, of the genus Plasmodium. There are two main types of Plasmodiumthat infect humans Plasmodium Falciparum Plasmodium Vivax Transmitted by female mosquitoes Develops in mosquito gut Migrates to salivary glands Transfers to other organisms through the saliva of the mosquito. The Mosquito A mosquito is an organism of the family Culicidae. The females require a blood meal to develop eggs. The mosquito vector for malaria is the mosquito genus Anopheles. Transfers Plasmodiumthrough saliva while feeding on blood. http://www.aaenvironment.com/Pictures/Mosquito.jpg Malaria, mosquitoes, and humans http://www.clongen.com/Plasmodium%20falciparum%20life%20cycle.gif A Mosquito-borne disease Malaria is widespread, and very common in parts of the Americas, Asia, and most of Africa. No vaccine available Only medicine is preventative drugs that must be taken continuously. If infected, there is some antimalarial medication available, most notably quinine. Some other preventative measures can be taken Mosquito netting Insecticides Draining standing water So, what is this â€Å"Anti-malaria mosquito?† An anti-malaria mosquito is a mosquito that is immune to malaria. This is good because The malaria will die inside the mosquito instead of continuing its life cycle. The mosquito will not be able to transmit the malaria to other organisms. There are multiple ideas of how to create such a mosquito. Transgenic mosquito Modified symbiont The transgenic mosquito A transgenic anti-malaria mosquito is a mosquito that has had a gene inserted to make it kill the malaria while it develops in the mosquito. There have been many genes tested, including ... ... the genus Asaia stably associate with Anopheles stephensi, an Asian malarial mosquito vector." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(2007): 9047-9051. Li, Chaoyang, Mauro Marrelli, Guiyan Yan, Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena. "Fitness of Transgenic Anopheles stephensi." Journal of Heredity 99(2008): 275-282. Favia, G. â€Å"Bacteria of the Genus Asaia: A Potential Paratransgenic Weapon Against Malaria† Transgenesis and the Management of Vector-Borne Disease 627(2008):49-59. Yoshida, S. "Bacteria expressing single-chain immunotoxin inhibit malaria parasite development in mosquitoes." Molecular and biochemical parasitology 113.1 (2001):89-96. Bibliography Ctd. Knols, B. "Transgenic mosquitoes and the fight against malaria: Managing technology push in a turbulent GMO world." The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 77.6, Suppl. S (2007):232-242.

Free College Essay

I personally don’t believe that college should be free. Making it free would only serve to limit the value of the education while filling colleges with students that have no business/need there. College would become nothing more than a 4 year extension of high school if it were free. As things are now, society needs about 25% of the population to have a college degree for the jobs that require one and about 30% of the population has a degree. As a result, you hear from a lot of people that believe that they wasted time getting the degree because it’s not serving them as an employment enhancer. Further, nothing is truly free. Were college free to all students, someone would still have to pay those bills. Public education is already the single largest expense of non-federal governments and a huge part of the federal expense. Increasing the scope of free public education would also significantly increase the costs involved – those costs must be borne by someone. So, you either pay for it now as tuition or you pay for it for the rest of your life in the form of taxes but either way, you’ll pay for it. And then there’s the very valid point that all people aren’t really â€Å"above average† in intellect and therefor all people aren’t capable of attending and graduating from college. Our society would like to pretend that everyone is equal in motivation and intelligence but we know that’s not really true. Don’t we? What would be the result in terms of quality if we made college completely free to anyone? Add to that problem – costs keep some people from attending. This is only bad in-as-much as it limits those individuals personally. But it’s just that barrier that makes it possible for others to attend – college seats are not an unlimited resource of which we have plenty. There are only so many colleges with so many seats and more people would like to have those seats than can. If we removed the cost barrier then the competition for seats would be even greater and we’d still not have solved the problem of universal higher education. We’d need to have as many colleges as we have high schools to truly solve that problem. Then we’d need as many professors to teach in them in. Just a few of the arguments against your position that you might want to prepare to counter in your essay. There are many people that believe the compulsory secondary school education movement (‘create 100% HS graduates†) was a mistake too. While being well educated is very good at the individual level – society still needs people to do jobs that those who keep gaining more education simply don’t want to do.

Mental Workload Assessment

We all feel stressed out and strained when we have work to do. Not only that, we experience situations like this even if we are just studying. More often, we feel pressured just by thinking the amount of exams to be prepared for, or for that next project that is necessary for a good promotion in the company. Mental workload is the right term for the stress and strain we experience, especially with regards to studying and working.   The Hanover College defines mental workload as â€Å"the feeling of mental effort or the level of use of the human operators limited resources† (n.d.).   In short, mental workload is a demand placed upon humans (Xiaoli, n.d.). When there is too much mental workload, it might lead to errors. Preventing this makes mental workload important to be understood. However, due to the many factors that must be considered in discussing mental workload, defining it becomes difficult. Mental workload is important in driving and aviation and design. In fact, most of the studies conducted about mental workload were about driving and aviation and task demands. This is perhaps due to the fact that a driver is required to do not just one but many tasks. Moreover, even though a driver is experienced, accidents still occur. De Waard (1996) conducted a study on mental workload among drivers. He said that driving a car looks like a pretty simple task for everyone. Driving schools provide comprehensive lessons and manuals on how to drive safely. But no matter how good a driver can be, accidents cannot be avoided. Moreover, these accidents are attributed to human failure. Human failure is still increased due to several factors. First is the increasing number of vehicles on the road. There is a demand on the human information processing system, and also increase in the likelihood of vehicles colliding. Second, people drive well into old age. However, older people tend to suffer from problems in terms of divided attention performance. It all started with the car radio, and then car phones and other technological devices. The driver must divide his attention to all these systems besides controlling the vehicle. Lastly, those drivers in a diminished state may endanger him. Most of the time, drivers set out at night for the longer journeys to avoid traffic. Driving at night can cause him sleepiness and fatigue. Aside from this, the driver can also be intoxicated (de Waard, 1996). Xiaoli (n.d.) presented the factors which affect driver workload, including the following: fatigue, monotony, sedative drugs and alcohol. Environmental factors also affect drivers, such as traffic demands, automation and road environment demands. There are different techniques in assessing mental workload, including the following: performance measures, physiological measures, and subjective task measures (or self-report measures) (Luximon & Goonetilleke, 2001). Primary and secondary task measures comprise the performance, or system output measures. An overview of each assessment technique will be discussed in the context of traffic research (driving or aviation). Performance Measures In Xiaoli’s (n.d.) slide presentation, he said that the measures usually belonging to this category are speed of performance, number of errors made and reaction time measures. Outside the laboratory, these become task-specific. De Waard (1996) said that most of primary-task measures include speed or accuracy measures. Aside from this, De Waard (1996) explained that primary-task performance establishes the efficiency of man-machine interaction. Not just the primary-task performance but also other workload measures must work together so that valid conclusions can be drawn about man-machine interaction. There are several approaches in the measurement of performance measures. First is the analytical approach (Meshkati, Hancock, Rahimi and Dawes, 1995). According to Welford (1978, cited in Meshkati, Hancock, Rahimi and Dawes, 1995), the analytical approach considers the detail at the actual performance of the task that will be assessed. Not only the overall achievement is examined but also the manner in which it is achieved. Another assessment technique is the synthetic methods. These start with a task analysis of the system. Task analytic procedures are then used to identify the specific performance demands placed on the operator. The third approach is the multiple measurement of primary task performance. This approach is very useful when individual measures of primary task performance do not show enough sensitivity to operator workload. On the other hand, Xiaoli (n.d.) indicated that secondary-task performance are about factors such as time estimation or time-interval production and memory-search tasks. The assumption associated with secondary task measure says that an upper limit exists on the ability of a human operator to gather and process information (Meshkati, Hancock, Rahimi & Dawes, 1995). The way to measure secondary-task performance is through another task included to the primary one. De Waard (1996) mentioned about the multiple-resource theory. The theory says that â€Å"the largest sensitivity in secondary-task measures can be achieved if the overlap in resources is high† (De Waard, 1996). According to Hancock, Vercruyssen and Rodenburg (1992), a person must have the ability to synchronize their actions with the dynamics of differing environmental demands so that he can survive and prosper in uncertain conditions. This means that the person must have some degree of autonomy with respect to space and time. However, secondary-task measures have disadvantages to consider. According to De Waard (1996), time sharing is not very efficient if the same resources are utilized. Moreover, additional instrumentation is required in secondary-task measures. Not only that, but there is lack of operator acceptance. There are also possible compromises to system safety. Subjective Task Measures There is much talk about the self-report measures, which is also called subjective measures. In fact, for De Waard (1996), self-report measures are advantageous because they can better show the real meaning of mental workload. These measures’ subjectivity is what makes self-report measures strong. Muckler and Seven (1992, as cited in De Waard, 1996) explained that self-report measures are strong because the awareness of the operator about the increasing effort used must give subjective measures an important role to play. Moreover, performance and effort are incorporated in self-report measures. Additionally, individual differences, operator state and attitude are also considered. Xiaoli (n.d.) said that the primary advantages of subjective task measures are high face validity, ease of application and low costs. However, there are also limitations in these measures. First is that there might be confusion of mental and physical load in rating. There might also be an exhibition of the operator’s inability to differentiate between external demands and actual effort or workload experienced. Second, limitations can be seen in the operator’s ability to introspect and rate expenditure correctly. Hancock, Brill, Mouloua and Gilson (2002) added that another disadvantage of self-report measures is that they cannot be used for online workload assessment. Physiological Measures According to De Waard (1996), physiological measures showed sensitivity to global arousal or activation level and in some stages in information processing. One advantage of this is that physiological responses do not need an obvious response by the operator. Additionally, most cognitive tasks do not need overt behavior. Moreover, some of the measures can be collected continuously. Kramer (1991, cited in De Waard, 1996) showed some of the disadvantages of these measures. First is that there must be specialized equipment and technical expertise to be able to utilize these measures. Second is the presence of signal-to-noise ratios. Kramer furthered that in operator-system performance, the operator’s physiology is not directly involved, unlike in primary-task performance. Other physiological measures involved in driving are pupil diameter, endogenous eye blinks, blood pressure, respiration, electrodermal activity, hormone levels, event related potentials, and electromyogram. De Waard (1996) furthered that not all measures are sensitive to workload when it comes to performance. There are instances when dissociation between these measures of different categories was reported. He said that dissociation occurs between measures when they do not correspond to changes in the workload, or if there is an increase in one measure and a decrease in another. Performance is thus affected by the amount of resources invested and the demands on working memory. Hancock, Brill, Mouloua and Gilson (2002) said that although physiological measures present global assessments of workload, they do little to balance the demands of tasks on sensory systems. In addition, physiological measures provide little or no information about what sensory systems are most taxed. To measure mental workload, two groups must be considered (Gopher & Donchin, 1986, cited in De Waard, 1996). Self-report measures, physiological measures and performance measures are included in the first group. This group supposes that it is probable to achieve a global measure of mental workload. The second group includes secondary-task measures and some of the physiological measures. This group is concerned about those diagnostic procedures and has something to do with the theories of multiple resources. References De Waard, Dick. (1996). The measurement of drivers’ mental workload. The Netherlands: The Traffic Research Center VSC. Hancock, P.A., Brill, J.C., Mouloua, M., & Gilson, R.D. (2002). M-SWAP: On-line workload assessment in aviation. Paper presented at the 12th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology. Dayton, OH. Hancock, P.A., Vercruyssen, M., & Rodenburg, G.J. (1992). The effect of gender and time-of-day on time perception and mental workload. Current Psychology: Research and Review,. 11, 203-225. Hanover College. (n.d.). Mental Workload. Retrieved October 27, 2007 from http://psych.hanover.edu/classes/hfnotes3/tsld022.html Luximon, A. & Goonetilleke, R. (2001). Simplified subjective workload assessment technique. Ergonometrics, 44, 229-243. Meshkati, N., Hancock, P.A., Rahimi, M., & Dawes, S.M. (1995). Techniques of mental workload assessment. In J. Wilson and E.N. Corlett, (Eds.). Evaluation of human work: A practical ergonomics methodology. (Second Edition), London: Taylor and Francis. Xiaoli, Yi. (n.d.). Measurements of mental workload. [Slide presentation]. Available on http://www.slideshare.net/ESS/measurement-of-mental-workload/